Monitoring Salinity Stress in Moringa and Pomegranate: Comparison of Different Proximal Remote Sensing Approaches

Cultivating crops in the hot, arid conditions of the Arabian Peninsula often requires irrigation with brackish water, which exposes plants to salinity and heat stress. Timely, cost-effective monitoring of plant health can significantly enhance crop management. In this context, remote sensing techniques offer promising alternatives. This study evaluates several low-cost, ground-level remote sensing methods and compares them with benchmark analytical techniques for assessing salt stress in two economically important woody species, moringa and pomegranate. The species were irrigated under three salinity levels: low (2 dS m&minus:1), medium (5 dS m&minus:1), and high (10 dS m&minus:1). Remote sensing tools included RGB, multispectral, and thermal cameras mounted on selfie sticks for canopy imaging, as well as portable leaf pigment and chlorophyll fluorescence meters. Analytical benchmarks included sodium (Na) accumulation, carbon isotope composition (&delta:13C), and nitrogen (N) concentration in leaf dry matter. As salinity increased from low to medium, canopy temperatures, vegetation indices, and &delta:13C values rose. However, increasing salinity from medium to high levels led to a rise in Na accumulation without further significant changes in other remote sensing and analytical parameters. In moringa and across the three salinity levels, the Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE) and leaf chlorophyll content on an area basis showed significant correlations with &delta:13C (r = 0.758, p &lt: 0.001: r = 0.423, p &lt: 0.05) and N (r = 0.482, p &lt: 0.01: r = 0.520, p &lt: 0.01). In pomegranate, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and chlorophyll were strongly correlated with &delta:13C (r = 0.633, p &lt: 0.01 and r = 0.767, p &lt: 0.001) and N (r = 0.832, p &lt: 0.001 and r = 0.770, p &lt: 0.001). Remote sensing was particularly effective at detecting plant responses between low and medium salinity, with stronger correlations observed in pomegranate.