State of the mangroves in Region 12 [SOCCSKSARGEN Region, Philippines]

The mangrove area of the SBPS is 331.74 ha, with the municipality of Glan having the largest area at 103 ha. The sites with greatest species diversity and density were Glan, Maasim, and Kiamba. Demand for food, shelter, and other resources has increased, which has led to the overexploitation of coastal resources. In rapidly developing areas especially General Santos City, an increase in factory facilities and a booming fishing industry can likewise result in greater potential environmental impacts. As such, ecosystems management complemented by regulation of development activities and their potential impacts is imperative. The potential of mangroves to provide ecosystem services and benefits will only be fully realized if these habitats are properly cared for. With recent findings and observations, the following management actions are recommended: 1. Expand Strict Protection Zones (SPZ) to mangrove areas. Mangroves have typically not been included in locally declared MPAs such as in Malapatan and Glan, and should now be considered for strict protection. 2. Adopt local ordinances to protect mangrove areas and penalize violators. Penalties on mangrove cutting (i.e., without PAMB permission) and other violations may be imposed via local regulations to support management strategies at the seascape-level. 3. Establish mangrove nurseries in each LGU in the SBPS. To ensure the sustainability of ecosystems services, nurseries should be built in every municipality and city. These nurseries, which may be developed in partnership with POs, should prioritize mangrove species present in the respective areas. 4. Explore ecotourism in mangrove areas. The mangrove boardwalk constructed in Maasim and Glan may be replicated by other municipalities where mangrove forest density is similar. Such value-adding structures can assist in generating income for the LGUs and local communities. This may be incorporated in their Ecotourism Management Plan, as provided by DAO 2013-19. 5. Restrict entry of informal settlers in mangrove areas. A chief factor in mangrove loss in the region is the conversion of forest area for residential use among informal settlers. 6. Validate active and expired Fishpond Lease Agreement (FLA) permits. Certain FLA areas such as in Malapatan have not been utilized and were left vacant for an extended time. These should be turned over to the DENR for reversion to mangroves.