Calcium Signaling in Plant-Insect Interactions
2022
Ambra S. Parmagnani | Massimo E. Maffei
In plant–insect interactions, calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) variations are among the earliest events associated with the plant perception of biotic stress. Upon herbivory, Ca<sup>2+</sup> waves travel long distances to transmit and convert the local signal to a systemic defense program. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca<sup>2+</sup> and electrical signaling are interlinked to form a network supporting rapid signal transmission, whereas the Ca<sup>2+</sup> message is decoded and relayed by Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding proteins (including calmodulin, Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent protein kinases, annexins and calcineurin B-like proteins). Monitoring the generation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> signals at the whole plant or cell level and their long-distance propagation during biotic interactions requires innovative imaging techniques based on sensitive sensors and using genetically encoded indicators. This review summarizes the recent advances in Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling upon herbivory and reviews the most recent Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging techniques and methods.
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