Prognostic Significance of Amino Acid and Biogenic Amines Profiling in Chronic Kidney Disease
2023
Guillermo Gervasini | Zoraida Verde | Luz M. González | Celia Chicharro | Laura González-Rodríguez | Ana Fernández-Araque | Sonia Mota-Zamorano | Bárbara Cancho | Alberto Pérez-Hernández | Virginio García-López | Fernando Bandrés | Nicolás R. Robles
There is a pressing need for more precise biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Plasma samples from 820 subjects [231 with CKD, 325 with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and 264 controls] were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine a metabolic profile of 28 amino acids (AAs) and biogenic amines to test their value as markers of CKD risk and progression. The kynurenine/tryptophan ratio showed the strongest correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate values (coefficient = −0.731, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Models created with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) containing the metabolic signature showed a high goodness of fit and predictability for controls/CKD (R2X:0.73:R2Y:0.92:Q2:0.92, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and lower values for CKD/ESKD (R2X:0.56:R2Y:0.59:Q2:0.55, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Based on generated VIP scores, the most relevant markers for segregating samples into control/CKD and CKD/ESKD groups were citrulline (1.63) and tryptophan (1.47), respectively. ROC analysis showed that the addition of the metabolic profile to a model including CKD classic risk factors improved the AUC from 86.7% (83.6–89.9) to 100% (100–100) for CKD risk (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) and from 63.0% (58.2–67.8) to 96.5% (95.3–97.8) for the risk of progression from CKD to ESKD (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Plasma concentrations of AAs and related amines may be useful as diagnostic biomarkers of kidney disease, both for CKD risk and for progression of CKD patients to ESKD.
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