Invasive alien plant species (Banmara): Investigating its invasive potential, ecological consequences on biodiversity, and management strategies

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) pose a growing ecological threat, disrupting native ecosystems and biodiversity while challenging traditional conservation efforts. Ageratina adenophora, Chromolaena odorata, and Mikania micrantha, belonging to the Banmara species, pose a significant threat to agriculture, resulting in crop loss and increased production costs. Their detrimental effects on floral, faunal organisms, and ecosystems make them a substantial menace to biodiversity. Out of 219 alien flowering plant species, 30 are identified as invasive, resulting in adverse environmental outcomes and impacting agricultural production. Remarkably, two notable Banmara species, C. odorata and M. micrantha, rank among the world's top 100 most invasive alien species in agroecosystems and rangelands. Additionally, A. adenophora is on the alert list of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). The presence of Banmara species is more prevalent in central and eastern Nepal, particularly in the Tarai, Siwalik, and Middle Mountain regions, showing a high degree of invasion. A. adenophora and C. odorata have invaded the High Mountain region and the High Himalayas, while M. micrantha is more prevalent in the Terai and upper hilly regions of Nepal. These invasive species disrupt forests, shrublands, wetlands, and agricultural ecosystems, causing ecological imbalances, habitat degradation, and adverse effects on biodiversity. The negative impacts resulting from the biological invasion of Banmara species seem to be on the rise in Nepal; however, national policy and management responses appear insufficient to address the issue adequately. The findings of this study highlight the urgent need to address the challenges posed by these invasive plant species. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge regarding Banmara species, emphasizing their ecological consequences and the pressing need for effective management strategies. By comprehending these repercussions and implementing robust management strategies, the impact of Banmara species can be minimized, safeguarding native biodiversity and ecosystem integrity.