The Effects of Wave-Induced Stokes Drift and Mixing Induced by Nonbreaking Surface Waves on the Ocean in a Climate System Ocean Model

Oceanic general circulation models (OGCMs) are important tools used to investigate mechanisms for ocean climate variability and predict the ocean change in the future. However, in most current ocean models, the impact of sea surface waves as one of the most significant dynamic processes in the upper ocean is absent. In this study, the Stokes drift and the vertical mixing induced by nonbreaking surface waves derived from the wave model (WAVEWATCH III) are incorporated into a Climate System Ocean Model, and their effects on an ocean climate simulation are analyzed. Numerical experiments show that both physical processes can improve the simulation of sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed layer depth (MLD) in the Southern Hemisphere. The introduction of Stokes drift effectively reduces the subsurface warm bias in the equatorial tropics, which is caused by the weakening of vertical mixing in the equatorial region. The nonbreaking surface wave mainly reduces the temperature bias in the Southern Ocean by enhancing mixing in the upper ocean. For the MLD, the Stokes drift mainly improves the simulation of the winter MLD, and the nonbreaking surface wave improves the summer MLD. For MLD south of 40° S in summer, the introduction of nonbreaking surface waves resulted in a reduction of 11.86 m in MLD bias and 7.8 m in root mean square errors (RMSEs), respectively. For winter subtropical MLD in the Southern Hemisphere, considering the Stokes drift, the MLD bias and RMSEs were reduced by 2.49 and 5.39 m, respectively. Adding these two physical processes simultaneously provides the best simulation performance for the structure of the upper layer. The introduction of sea surface waves effectively modulates the vertical mixing of the upper ocean and then improves the simulation of the MLD. Thus, sea surface waves are very important for ocean simulation, so we will further couple a sea waves model in the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model (CAS-ESM) as part of their default model component.