Indonesian Throughflow, spatial–temporal variability, and its relationship to ENSO events in the Lombok Strait
2025
Muhammad Zainuddin Lubis | Edriyan Situmorang | Andrean V.H. Simanjuntak | Nelly F. Riama | Gumilang R. Pasma | Angga Dwinovantyo | Husnul Kausarian | Nyoman Metta N. Natih | Batara | Kutubuddin Ansari | Punyawi Jamjareegulgarn
Understanding the interactions between ocean currents and climate variability is crucial for predicting future oceanic and climatic shifts in the Lombok Strait and beyond. Our study examines the Lombok Strait from 2013 to 2018, focusing on the impact of interannual and seasonal variability driven by climatic events such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Our findings reveal significant fluctuations in oceanographic parameters, including temperature, salinity, and ocean currents. The lowest recorded temperature was ∼27.2 °C, and the minimum salinity was ∼32.3 psu, linked to the strong El Niño event in 2015, which altered local rainfall and evaporation patterns. Analysis of meridional and zonal velocities showed enhanced water flow, with maximum meridional velocities reaching around ∼0.04 m/s and zonal velocities peaking at ∼0.18 m/s in early 2018. Seasonal variations in sea surface height show higher values during warmer months, reflecting the influence of ENSO phenomena. The vertical distribution of salinity indicated stratification, with values ranging from ∼27.5 psu to ∼34.0 psu across different depths, corresponding to water density ranging from 22.50 σθ to 24.0 σθ, highlighting the interaction between Pacific and Indian Ocean waters. Water mass transport averages at 100 m and 200 m show values of −1.21 ± 0.97 Sv and −1.350 ± 1.069 Sv, with the lowest transport occurring during the summer at −1.97 Sv with a depth range of 0–100 m, suggesting robust outflow. Our findings underscore the critical role of the ITF in shaping regional oceanographic conditions and their implications for global climate dynamics.
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