A Review of Botany, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities of <i>Fragaria vesca</i> and <i>Fragaria viridis</i> Widespread in Kazakhstan

According to current taxonomic consensus, the genus <i>Fragaria</i> L. (family Rosaceae) comprises nine recognized species: <i>Fragaria</i> × <i>ananassa</i> (Duchartre ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier, <i>Fragaria bucharica</i> Losinsk., <i>Fragaria viridis</i> subsp. <i>campestris</i> (Steven) Pael., <i>Fragaria chiloensis</i> (L.) Mill., <i>Fragaria moschata</i> Duchesne ex Weston, <i>Fragaria orientalis</i> Losinsk., <i>Fragaria vesca</i> L., <i>Fragaria virginiana</i> Mill., and <i>Fragaria viridis</i> Duchartre. Within the flora of Kazakhstan, two species are of particular significance: <i>F. vesca</i> L. and <i>F. viridis</i> Weston. The genus <i>Fragaria</i> L. is notable for its high content of diverse classes of biologically active compounds, which exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological and physiological activities. This review focuses on two <i>Fragaria</i> species native to the flora of Kazakhstan: <i>F. vesca</i> L. and <i>F. viridis</i> Weston. It summarizes recent advances in their botanical characterization, phytochemical profiling, extraction methodologies, and biological activities. Available evidence indicates that the phytochemical composition of extracts obtained from these species is modulated by a range of environmental and biological factors. These include habitat conditions, climate variability, chemotypic diversity, and the specific extraction protocols applied. Particular emphasis is placed on modern extraction techniques and the identification of low-molecular-weight metabolites. These include anthocyanins, volatile organic compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which contribute significantly to the observed biological effects. The review findings support the relevance of continued research into the potential application of these species as sources for the development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic agents. In addition, they highlight their promise for use in the formulation of biologically active compounds intended for food supplements and cosmetic products.