Ground deformation and fissure activity in Datong basin, China 2007–2010 revealed by multi-track InSAR

The Datong basin is one of the complex geologic environments in China. Several faults are distributed in the basin, and a number of hidden faults have been discovered within the basin. Ground fissures (GFs) and land subsidence occur in this region. In the past, ground subsidence at Datong basin has been studied using groundwater level records, intermittent small-scale levelling measurements and field investigations. However, due to the low spatial resolution and temporal sampling of these records, detailed ground deformation within the basin remains poorly understood. In this study, we exploited Envisat ASAR and ALOS PALSAR images to map the ground deformation between 2007 and 2010. Most of the deformation within the basin occurred at rates of <20 mm/year. In addition to the subsidence due to coal mining in the western mountainous areas, at least four large subsidence zones could be detected. Our analysis indicates that the ground subsidence is affected by groundwater extraction and the distribution of faults. Additionally, the vertical deformation is much larger than the deformation in the east–west direction. Obvious deformation gradients occurred on individual GFs and the activity of the GFs varied spatially. Finally, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations related to groundwater exploitation and GFs were modelled and discussed. Abbreviations: GFs: ground fissures; SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar; ASAR: Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar; ALOS: Advanced Land Observing Satellite; PALSAR: Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar; InSAR: Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar; ESA: European Space Agency; JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; SBAS: Small Baseline Subsets; SRTM: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission; DEM: Digital Elevation Model; DORIS: Dopper Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite instrument; MCF: minimum cost flow; LOS: line-of-sight2D/3D: two-dimensional/three-dimensional