Uses, toxicity, and removal of fuchsin dye from wastewater using low-cost adsorbents
2025
Kawan F. Kayani | Darya Sh. Hamad | Nian N. Mohammad | Sewara J. Mohammed | Harez Rashid Ahmed | Mohammed Ali Salih
Dye effluents released from various dye-utilizing industries pose significant environmental and ecological hazards. Consequently, the presence of dye contaminants in natural water bodies has become an increasing concern for both environmentalists and the general public. To address this issue, a long-term, sustainable, and efficient treatment method for dye effluents must be established. Prior to discharge, dye-containing wastewater should undergo proper treatment to mitigate its adverse effects on the environment and living organisms. Adsorption is a widely employed technique for the removal of pollutants from wastewater. Fuchsin (FU) dye, characterized by poor biodegradability, toxicity, carcinogenicity, and aesthetic concerns, necessitates urgent removal from wastewater systems. This review begins with an overview of the types and uses of FU dyes, discusses their potential toxicity to human health, and examines the use of low-cost adsorbents for the removal of FU dyes from aqueous solutions. The objective of this review is to compile and synthesize the available literature on various inexpensive adsorbents for FU dye remediation. These include agricultural waste materials, biomass (BM), clay minerals (CMs), biochar (BC), zeolites, and metal oxides (MOs). Based on the reviewed literature, conclusions have been drawn, and recommendations for future research are proposed.
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