Complex interaction between meteorological factors on the risk of hand, foot, and mouth disease

The relationship between meteorological factors and the risk of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has been well documented. However, researchers have failed to consider the complex interactive relationships among meteorological factors. The weekly number of HFMD cases along with meteorological factors were collected between 2009 to 2017 in four cities in Guangdong Province. We used Bayesian kernel machine regression to investigate the nonlinear and interactive relationship between meteorological factors, such as temperature and humidity, on the risk of HFMD. Multivariate meta-analysis was used to pool the city-specific effect estimates and identify factors underlying the inter-city heterogeneity. The risk ratios (RRs) for each percentile increase in temperature from the 50th percentile value, while humidity was at its 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile values, were 1.621(95%CI: 1.226, 2.141), 2.638(2.169, 3.208), and 3.734(2.908, 4.792), respectively ( Q = 19.132, P _interaction < 0.001). In contrast, the RRs for each percentile increase in humidity from its 50th percentile, while holding temperature at its 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile values, were 0.901(95%CI: 0.592, 1.369), 2.026(1.679, 2.448), and 0.884(0.632, 1.238), respectively ( Q = 24.876, P _interaction < 0.001). Increased wind speed and sunshine duration were also observed to strengthen the impact of other meteorological factors. Furthermore, we found increased gross domestic product per capita and per capital area of parks and green land in city tended to significantly strengthen the interactive effects of humidity on other meteorological factors including sunshine duration ( P = 0.013 and 0.042), rainfall ( P = 0.017 and 0.035), temperature ( P = 0.021 and 0.031), win speed ( P = 0.011 and 0.045), and pressure ( P = 0.013 and 0.042). Our study contributed further understanding of complex interactions between meteorological factors on the risk of HFMD. Our findings provide epidemiological evidence for meteorological interactions on HFMD, which may provide knowledge for future research on the health effects of meteorological factors.