Assessment of the interactions between soil–biosphere–atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model soil hydrology, using four closed-form soil water relationships and several lysimeters

<p>Soil water drainage is the main source of groundwater recharge and river flow. It is therefore a key process for water resource management. In this study, we evaluate the soil hydrology and the soil water drainage, simulated by the interactions between soil–biosphere–atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model currently used for hydrological applications from the watershed scale to the global scale, where parameters are generally not calibrated. This evaluation is done using seven lysimeters from two long-term model approach sites measuring hourly water dynamics between 2009 and 2019 in northeastern France. These 2 m depth lysimeters are filled with different soil types and are either maintained as bare soil or covered with vegetation. Four closed-form equations describing soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions are tested, namely the commonly used equations from <span class="cit" id="xref_text.1"><a href="#bib1.bibx12">Brooks and Corey</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx12">1966</a>)</span> and <span class="cit" id="xref_text.2"><a href="#bib1.bibx109">van Genuchten</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx109">1980</a>)</span>, a combination of the <span class="cit" id="xref_text.3"><a href="#bib1.bibx109">van Genuchten</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx109">1980</a>)</span> soil water retention function with the <span class="cit" id="xref_text.4"><a href="#bib1.bibx12">Brooks and Corey</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx12">1966</a>)</span> unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function, and, for the very first time in a land surface model (LSM), a modified version of the <span class="cit" id="xref_text.5"><a href="#bib1.bibx109">van Genuchten</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx109">1980</a>)</span> equations, with a new hydraulic conductivity curve proposed by <span class="cit" id="xref_text.6"><a href="#bib1.bibx54">Iden et al.</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx54">2015</a>)</span>. The results indicate good performance by ISBA with the different closure equations in terms of soil volumetric water content and water mass. The drained flow at the bottom of the lysimeter is well simulated, using <span class="cit" id="xref_text.7"><a href="#bib1.bibx12">Brooks and Corey</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx12">1966</a>)</span>, while some weaknesses appear with <span class="cit" id="xref_text.8"><a href="#bib1.bibx109">van Genuchten</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx109">1980</a>)</span> due to the abrupt shape near the saturation of its hydraulic conductivity function. The mixed form or the new <span class="cit" id="xref_text.9"><a href="#bib1.bibx109">van Genuchten</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx109">1980</a>)</span> hydraulic conductivity function from <span class="cit" id="xref_text.10"><a href="#bib1.bibx54">Iden et al.</a> (<a href="#bib1.bibx54">2015</a>)</span> allows the solving of this problem and even improves the simulation of the drainage dynamic, especially for intense drainage events. The study also highlights the importance of the vertical heterogeneity of the soil hydrodynamic parameters to correctly simulate the drainage dynamic, in addition to the primary influence of the parameters characterizing the shape of the soil water retention function.</p>