Design study for an airborne N₂O lidar

<p>Nitrous oxide (N<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O) is the third most important greenhouse gas modified by human activities after carbon dioxide and methane. This study examines the feasibility of airborne differential absorption lidar to measure N<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O concentration enhancements over agricultural, fossil fuel combustion, industrial, and biomass burning sources. The mid-infrared spectral region, where suitably strong N<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O absorption lines exist, challenges passive remote sensing by means of spectroscopy due to both low solar radiation and thermal emission. Lidar remote sensing is principally possible thanks to the laser as an independent radiation source but has not yet been realized due to technological challenges. Mid-infrared N<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O absorption bands suitable for remote sensing are investigated. Simulations show that a spectral trough position between two strong N<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O lines in the 4.5 <span class="inline-formula">µm</span> band is the favored option. A second option exists in the 3.9 <span class="inline-formula">µm</span> band at the cost of higher laser frequency stability constraints and less measurement sensitivity. Both options fulfill the N<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O measurement requirements for agricultural areal or point-source emission quantification (0.5 % measurement precision, 500 m spatial resolution) with technically realizable and affordable transmitter (100 mW average laser power) and receiver (20 cm telescope) characteristics for integrated-path differential absorption lidar that measures the column concentration beneath the aircraft. The development of an airborne N<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>O lidar is feasible yet would benefit from progress in infrared laser transmitter and low-noise-detection technology. It will also serve as a precursor to space versions, which are still out of reach due to the lack of space technology.</p>