Assessment of thermal comfort and its potential for energy efficiency in low-income tropical buildings: a review

Abstract Buildings contribute approximately 40% of global energy consumption and 15% of direct CO2 emissions from end-use sectors, primarily due to heating and cooling needs, typically met by grid electricity. This study assessed the thermal comfort and its role in enhancing energy efficiency in tropical buildings. This review examines thermal comfort parameters, building materials, and design strategies suited for tropical environments, focusing on factors like air circulation, thermal mass, and sustainable materials. It identifies critical gaps in current building codes and emphasizes the need for integrated approaches that align energy efficiency with occupant comfort. Passive design strategies and renewable energy technologies are explored as innovative solutions to achieve substantial energy savings and improved indoor environments, particularly in low-income housing. The study also addresses socioeconomic barriers to energy-efficient solutions in low-income settings and proposes stakeholder engagement strategies involving government bodies, NGOs, and local communities. This research highlights the critical role of optimizing thermal comfort in achieving energy efficiency in low-income tropical buildings. By focusing on occupant well-being and energy performance, the study provides a pathway for policymakers, architects, and urban planners to advance sustainable, economically viable, and environmentally friendly built environments in tropical regions. The study aligns with SDGs 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 17, contributing to environmental sustainability and climate resilience. It promotes health, well-being, and economic benefits for vulnerable populations by integrating technological innovations, sustainable design practices, and effective policy measures, fostering a comprehensive approach to energy efficiency and thermal comfort in low-income tropical buildings.