Confrontation of cryptic diversity and mate discrimination within Gammarus pulex and Gammarus fossarum species complexes.
2014
Lagrue, Clément | Wattier, Rémi A. | Galipaud, Matthias | Gauthey, Zoé | Rullmann, Jean-Paul | Dubreuil, Christine | Rigaud, Thierry | Bollache, Loïc | Department of Zoology ; University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande] | Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS) ; Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Agroécologie [Dijon] ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement | Study funded by a post-doctoral grant from the regional council of Burgundy. | ANR-13-BSV7-0004,MultiStress,Effets combinés de stresseurs anthropiques et du parasitisme sur la variation génétique, le comportement, la physiologie et le rôle fonctionnel d'amphipodes d'eau douce du genre Gammarus(2013)
16 pages
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Show more [+] Less [-]English. Freshwater amphipods Gammarus fossarum and Gammarus pulex are widespread in Europe, with some evidence of cryptic diversity in the former. We used DNA barcoding to assess genetic diversity within and among amphipod populations and examined mate discrimination and pre-copulatory pair formation between genetically divergent individuals. Eight distinct G. fossarum and four distinct G. pulex molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were detected. Among the 33 amphipod populations sampled, 11 contained a single MOTU, 11 had two and 11 were composed of three sympatric MOTUs. Genetic divergences between sympatric MOTUs (G. fossarum and G. pulex MOTUs combined) ranged up to 28% (Kimura two parameter estimates). In amphipod populations containing sympatric MOTUs, pre-copulatory pair formation was random between MOTUs diverging by <4%. However, pre-copulatory pairs involving amphipod individuals from MOTUs diverging by >4% were rare, suggesting mate discrimination between sympatric, highly divergent MOTUs. Although the likelihood decreased with genetic distance between partners, pre-copulatory pair formation in the laboratory can occur between MOTUs diverging by c. 16% and led to successful mating: most female amphipod carried viable, fertilised eggs 48 h post-mating. Data showed high cryptic diversity in the G. fossarum/G. pulex groups, even at a small spatial scale. Mate discrimination between genetically divergent amphipods in natural populations suggests that some of the MOTUs found in G. fossarum and G. pulex may be separated into (sub)species. However, amphipods from different MOTUs can still form pre-copulatory pairs and females produce viable eggs. Overall, data suggest that cryptic diversity is common in the G. fossarum/G. pulex groups and that pre-zygotic isolation through mate discrimination, rather than post-zygotic incompatibility, is likely to drive cryptic speciation.
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