Widespread Phytophthora infestations in European nurseries put forest, semi-natural and horticultural ecosystems at high risk of Phytophthora diseases
2016
Jung, T. | Orlikowski, L. | Henricot, B. | Abad-Campos, P. | Aday, A. G. | Aguín Casal, O. | Bakonyi, J. | Cacciola, S. O. | Cech, T. | Chavarriaga, D. | Corcobado, T. | Cravador, A. | Decourcelle, Thibaut | Denton, G. | Diamandis, S. | Dogmus-Lehtijarvi, H. T. | Franceschini, A. | Ginetti, B. | Glavendekić, M. | Hantula, J. | Hartmann, G. | Herrero, M. | Ivic, D. | Horta Jung, M. | Lilja, A. | Keca, N. | Kramarets, V. | Lyubenova, A. | Machado, H. | Magnano Di San Lio, G. | Mansilla Vázquez, P. J. | Marçais, Benoit | Matsiakh, I. | Milenkovic, I. | Moricca, S. | Nagy, Z. A. | Nechwatal, J. | Olsson, C. | Oszako, T. | Pane, A. | Paplomatas, E. J. | Pintos Varela, C. | Prospero, S. | Rial Martínez, C. | Rigling, D. | Robin, Cécile, C. | Rytkönen, A. | Sánchez, M. E. | Scanu, B. | Schlenzig, A. | Schumacher, J. | Slavov, S. | Solla, A. | Sousa, E. | Stenlid, J. | Talgø, V. | Tomic, Z. | Tsopelas, P. | Vannini, A. | Vettraino, A. M. | Wenneker, M. | Woodward, S. | Peréz-Sierra, A. | Desprez Loustau, Marie Laure, M. L. | Universidade do Algarve (UAlg) | Phytophthora Research and Consultancy ; Partenaires INRAE | Research Institute of Horticulture | Royal Horticultural Society ; Partenaires INRAE | Universitat Politècnica de València = Universitad Politecnica de Valencia = Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV) | Faculty of Forestry ; Süleyman Demirel University | EXCMA ; Partenaires INRAE | Plant Protection Institute ; Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences | Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict) | Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests Natural Hazards and Landscape | Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences ; University of Aberdeen | Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura (UEX) | Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB) | National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF) | Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS) | Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence = Université de Florence (UniFI) | Faculty of forestry ; University of Belgrade [Belgrade] | Vantaa Research Centre ; Partenaires INRAE | Forest Research Institute of Lower Saxony | Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk) | Institute for Plant Protection, Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs ; Partenaires INRAE | Ukrainian National Forestry University (UNFU) | AgroBioInstitute | IPIMAR - Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos | Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL) | National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" [Kiev] | Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture ; Partenaires INRAE | Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology ; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences = Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) | Forest Research Institute | University of Athens | Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL | Universidad de Córdoba = University of Córdoba [Córdoba] | Government | Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg | Université of Tunis | Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR) | Forest Research [Great Britain]
International audience
Show more [+] Less [-]English. An analysis of incidence of Phytophthora spp. in 732 European nurseries producing forest transplants, larger specimen trees, landscape plants and ornamentals, plus 2525 areas in which trees and shrubs were planted, is presented based on work conducted by 37 research groups in 23 European countries between 1972 and 2013. Forty-nine Phytophthora taxa were recorded in 670 nurseries (91.5%); within these nurseries, 1614 of 1992 nursery stands (81.0%) were infested, although most affected plants appeared healthy. In forest and landscape plantings, 56 Phytophthora taxa were recovered from 1667 of 2525 tested sites (66.0%). Affected plants frequently showed symptoms such as crown thinning, chlorosis and dieback caused by extensive fine root losses and/or collar rot. Many well-known highly damaging host–Phytophthora combinations were frequently detected but 297 and 407 new Phytophthora–host associations were also observed in nurseries and plantings, respectively. On average, 1.3 Phytophthora species/taxa per infested nursery stand and planting site were isolated. At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries and plantings in Europe. Seven known Phytophthora species/taxa were found for the first time in Europe, while 10 taxa had not been previously recorded from nurseries or plantings; in addition, 5 taxa were first detections on woody plant species. Seven Phytophthora taxa were previously unknown to science. The reasons for these failures of plant biosecurity in Europe, implications for forest and semi-natural ecosystems and possible ways to improve biosecurity are discussed.
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