The ash dieback invasion of Europe was founded by two genetically divergent individuals
2018
Mcmullan, Mark | Rafiqi, Maryam | Kaithakottil, Gemy | Clavijo, Bernardo J. | Bilham, Lorelei | Orton, Elizabeth | Percival-Alwyn, Lawrence | Ward, Ben J. | Edwards, Anne | Saunders, Diane G. O. | Garcia Accinelli, Gonzalo | Wright, Jonathan | Verweij, Walter | Koutsovoulos, Georgios | Yoshida, Kentaro | Hosoya, Tsuyoshi | Williamson, Louisa | Jennings, Philip | Ioos, Renaud | Husson, Claude | Hietala, Ari M. | Vivian-Smith, Adam | Solheim, Halvor | Maclean, Dan | Fosker, Christine | Hall, Neil | Brown, James K. M. | Swarbreck, David | Blaxter, Mark | Downie, J. Allan | Clark, Matthew D. | Earlham Institute [Norwich] | Kew Botanical Garden | John Innes Centre [Norwich] ; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) | Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences ; The University of Edinburgh | The Sainsbury Laboratory [Norwich] (TSL) | Department of Agrobioscience - Graduate School of Agricultural Science ; Konan University [Kobe, Japan] | National Museum of Nature and Science | Fera Science Limited | Unité de Mycologie (USC INRAE LSV-mycologie) ; Laboratoire de la santé des végétaux (LSV) ; Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL) | Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi=Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) | Edinburgh Genomics | The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM) | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) BB/L024055/1 ; CyVerse UK of the Earlham Institute National Capability in e-Infrastructure ; BBSRC BBS/E/J/000CA523 ; Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) BBS/E/J/000CA523 ; Economic and Social Research Council ; Forestry Commission ; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) ; Scottish Government under Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative BB/L01291X/1 ; French National Research Agency (ANR) of the Investissements d'Avenir programme ANR-11-LABX-0002-01 ; BBSRC National Capability in Genomics grant BB/J010375/1 ; BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Grant for Bioinformatics BB/ J004669/1 | ANR-11-LABX-0002,ARBRE,Recherches Avancées sur l'Arbre et les Ecosytèmes Forestiers(2011)
Accelerating international trade and climate change make pathogen spread an increasing concern.Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causal agent of ash dieback, is a fungal pathogen that has been moving across continents and hosts from Asian to European ash. Most European common ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) are highly susceptible to H. fraxineus, although a minority (-5%) have partial resistance to dieback. Here, we assemble and annotate a H. fraxineus draft genome, which approaches chromosome scale. Pathogen genetic diversity across Europe and in Japan, reveals a strong bottleneck in Europe, though a signal of adaptive diversity remains in key host interaction genes. We find that the European population was founded by two divergent haploid individuals.Divergence between these haplotypes represents the ancestral polymorphism within a large source population. Subsequent introduction from this source would greatly increase adaptive potential of the pathogen.Thus, further introgression of H. fraxineus into Europe represents a potential threat and Europe-wide biological security measures are needed to manage this disease.
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