Species living in harsh environments have low clade rank and are localized on former Laurasian continents: a case study of Willemia (Collembola)
2014
Prinzing, Andreas | d'Haese, Cyrille | Pavoine, Sandrine | Ponge, Jean-François | Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO) ; Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS Ecologie et Environnement (INEE-CNRS) ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des sciences de l'environnement de Rennes (OSERen) ; Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) ; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO) ; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Zoology, Oxford University ; University of Oxford | Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MAOAC) ; Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Show more [+] Less [-]English. Aim Certain species have few living relatives, i.e., occupy low clade ranks. Hence, they possess high conservation value and scientific interest as unique representatives of ancient lineages. However, we do not know whether particular environments favour the maintenance of low clade ranks or whether the distribution of environments across the globe affects the global distribution of clade ranks and, hence evolutionary uniqueness. In this study, we tested whether and how harsh environments decrease the clade ranks of the species that inhabit them. Location Global Methods We described the phylogeny of the collembolan genus Willemia by a parsimonious method based on 52 morphological characters and estimated the species' use of harsh environments (polar, high-mountain, desert, polluted, waterlogged, saline, and acidic) from 248 publications. Results We found that the use of different types of harsh environments is maintained among close relatives and has similar phylogenetic signals (except for the use of salinity). The use of harsh environments might therefore affect the diversification of lineages. Correcting for the phylogenetic non-independence of species, we found that species using harsh environments have comparatively low clade ranks. We also found that species using harsh environments occur almost exclusively on former Laurasian continents and that as a statistical consequence, Laurasian species tend to have lower clade ranks. Main Conclusions We suggest that harsh environments maintain low-clade-rank species by decreasing, simultaneoulsy or successively, extinction and speciation, which may eventually explain the major variation in clade rank across the globe.
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