Harmonizing methods to account for soil nitrous oxide emissions in Life Cycle Assessment of agricultural systems

CONTEXT: Worldwide greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reached 59 Gt of CO(2)eq in 2019 and agricultural soils are the primary source of N2O emissions. Life cycle assessments (LCA) have been successful in assessing GHG from agricultural systems. However, no review and harmonization attempt has been focused on soil N2O emissions, despite the need to improve LCA methodologies for assessing GHG in agricultural LCA. OBJECTIVE: We therefore undertook a review and harmonization of existing methods to account for soil N2O emissions in LCA of agricultural systems and products: i) to compare current methods used in LCA; ii) to identify advantages and iii) disadvantages of each method in LCA; iv) to suggest recommendations for LCA of agricultural systems; v) to identify research needs and potential methodological developments to account for soil N2O emissions in the LCA of agricultural systems. In this paper, we consider as soil N2O emissions, those originated from soils in relation to fertilisers (organic and manufactured), crop residues, land use/land management change, grassland management, manure and slurry applications and from grazing animals. METHODS: The approach adopted was based on two anonymous expert surveys and a series of expert workshops (n = 21) to define general and specific criteria to review LCA methods for GHG emissions used in LCA of agricultural systems. A broad list of keywords and search criteria was used as the research involved GHG assessment in agricultural LCA. Reviewed papers and methodology were then assessed by LCA and soil N2O emission experts (n = 14). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: >25,000 scientific papers and reports were identified, 1175 were screened, 263 included in the final review and 31 scientific papers were related to soil N2O emissions. The results showed that a high level of accuracy corresponded to a low level of applicability and vice versa, following the assessment framework developed in this work through participatory approaches. SIGNIFICANCE: The choice of LCA methods, critical for high quality LCA of agricultural systems, should be based on the assessment objectives, data availability and expertise of the LCA practitioner. However, it is preferable to use DNDC model after calibration and validation or direct field measurements, considering system effects. When necessary data are lacking, IPCC tier 2 methodology where available should be used, otherwise 2019 IPCC Tier 1 methodology. This LCA method development should be synchronous with improvements of quantification methods and the assessment of a wider range of agricultural management practices and systems.