Influence of thinning, foliar spraying with boric acid, zinc sulphate and calcium nitrate on the alternate fruit bearing phenomenon, growth and productivity of apple tree (Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious)

References 1. Abbott, J. A., Watada, A. E. and Massie, D. R. (1984). Sensory and instrument measurement of apple texture. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 109: 221-228. 2. Abdou, A. S., Al-Darwish, F.H., Saleh, M. E., El-Tarabily; K. A., Azirun, M. S. and Rahman, M. (2011). Effects of elemental sulfur, phosphorus, micronutrients and Paracoccus versutus on nutrient availability of calcareous soils. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(5):554-561. 3. Akhlagh Roshan, A. A., Sadeghi, H. and Abutalebi Jahromi, A. H. (2011). Effect of micronutrients spray on qualitative traits of apple fruits (Malus domestica) cv. Isfahan. Proceedings of sixth national conference of new ideas in agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan, Faculty of Agriculture. 4. Al-Imam, N. and Al-brifkany, M. (2010). Effect of nitrogen ،fertilizers and foliar application of boron on fruit set, vegetative growth and yield of Anna Apple cultivar (Malus domestica Borkh). Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815-316X) Vol. (38) No. (4). 5. AL-Imam, N. M. A. and AL-saidi, I. H. (2007). Effect of foliar applications of zinc and NPK fertilization on flowering, setting and vegetative growth of halwani lebanon and kamali grape (Vitis vinifera l.). african crop science conference proceedings Vol. 8. pp. 541-545 6. AL-Imam, N. M., Abd-Alrahman, A. A.and Al-Brifkany, M. A. (2010). Effect of nitrogen ،fertilizers and foliar application of boron on fruit set, vegetative growth and yield of Anna Apple cultivar (Malus domestica Borkh). Mesopotamia J. of Agric. (ISSN 1815-316X) Vol. (38) No. (4). 13p. 7. Andrade, J., J. Filho. and Cellos, M. (1994). Vegetative development of shoots with magnesium and zinc deficiency in orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.) trees. Revista UNIMAR (1994) 16 (2) 327 – 333. Hort. Abs. 66: 5383. المراجع8. Andris, H., Mitcham, B. and Crisosto, C. H. (2002). Fruit physiological disorders. Postharvest technology, University of California, Postharvest Technology Reasearch and Information center. (http:// postharvest.ucdavis.edu /produce/ disorders/ apple/ pdapbit. shtml.) 9. Arnon, D.I.: Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris-Plant Physiol. 24: 1–15, 1949. 10. Asgharzade, A., Valizade, G. A., and Babaeian, M. (2012). Investigating the effect of boron spray on yield nutrient content, texture and brix index of apple (Sheikh Amir Variety) in Shirvan region. African journal of microbiology reseach Vol. 6 (11), pp. 2682 - 2685. 11. Atay, A., Koyuncu, F., and Atay, E. (2013). Relative susceptibility of selected apple cultivars to alternate bearing. Journal of biological and environmental sciences, 7(20), 81-86. 12. Baab, G. (1998). Massnahmen zur stippebekämpfung. Obstbau. no.23. p. 238-245. 13. Bacha, M. A., Sabbah, S. H., and El-Hamady, M. A. (1995). Effect of foliar applications of iron, zinc and manganese on yield, berry quality and leaf mineral composition of Thompson seedless and Roumy red grape cultivars. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research. 40(3), 315-331. 14. Balesini, M., Imani, A., and Piri, S. (2013). Effects of some of nutritional materials on fruit set and its characteristics in apple. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(1s)281-285. 15. Barbarosch, M. (1983). Wlijanije udobrenii na rost I raswitije jagodnych kultur Sowremennije problemi intensifikazii plodowdstwa, Kischinjow. 16. Barber, S. A. (1995). Soil nutrient bioavailability: a mechanistic approach. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, U.S.A.p:384. 17. Beavers, W. B., Sams, C. E., Conway, W. S., and Brown, G. A. (1994). Calcium Source affects calcium content, firmness and degree of injury of apples during storage. Hortscience. Vol.29, N.12, 1520 – 1523. المراجع18. Ben, J. (1995). Mineral composition of Jonagold apples differing in size and in the presence of bitter pit. Acta Hort. 383:462-475. 19. Berlang Reyes D. I., Romo Chacón, A., Martínez Campos, Á. R. and Guerrero Prieto, V. M. (2008). Apple fruit chemical thinning in México. Rev. Fitotec. Mex. 31(3): 243-250. 20. Blevins, D. G. and Lukaszweski, K. M. (1998). Boron in plant structure and function Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol, 49, 481-500. 21. Bound, S. A. (2005). The Impact of selected orchard management practices on apple fruitquality. Doctor thesis, University of Tasmania.Australia. 22. Broom, F. (1995). Hort research ruakura & D. K. Tomala, Actahort, 4485 p.p 23. Brown, H. P. and Hening, H. (1998). Boron mobility and consequent management in different crops. California. Better Crops/Vol. 82(No. 2):28 -31. 24. Brown, P. H. (2001). Transient nutrients PH and their impact on yield . A Rationale for foliar fertilizers. ISHS Acta Hort .(564). 25. Buchloh, G. (1974). Problems of plant physiology in relation to bitter pit- the function of Calcium. Acta Hort. 45:43-48. 26. Buchloh, G. and Bangerth, F. (1974). Antogonism between calcium and other elements. Acta Hort.45:49-52. 27. Bukovac, M., Sabbatini, p. and Schwallier, P. (2006). Modifying alternate bearing of spur-type Delicious' Apple with Ethephone. HortScience, 41 (7), 1606-1611. 28. Can, J. (2011). Effect of spray applications of boron, strontium and calcium on breakdown development in Spartan apples. Plant Sci. 283. 29. Carlson, R. (1981). The mark apple rootstock. Fruit Varieties Journal. 35 (2): pp. 8-9. 30. Casero, B. A., Puy, J. and Recasens, I. (2005). Relationships Between Leaf and Fruit Nutrients and Fruit Quality Attributes in Golden Smoothee apples using multivariate regression techniques. Journal of plant nutrition, 27(2): 313-324. 31. Chakespari, A., Rajabipour, A., & Mobli, H. (2010). post harvest physical and nutritional properties of two apple varieties. Journal of agricultural science Vol. 2, No. 3. 61-68. 32. Chandler, W. H. (1991). Evergreen fruit trees (translated to arabic - publishing by arabic house), Cairo. 33. Charles, F. P., Michael, J. C. and Lacy, P. M. (2004). Market diseases of apples, pears. and Quin Bitter Pit WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center / 1100N. 34. Cheng, L., Ma. F. and Ranwala, D. (2003). Nitrogen storage and its interaction with carbohydrates of young apple tree in response to nitrogen supply. Tree Physiology 24:91-98. 35. Chen, C., Yan-an, T., Yong-li, L. and Yi-min, G. (2016). Effects of different potassium fertilizers on production, quality and storability of Fuji apple. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 22 (1): 216-224. 36. Chrebahn, V. and Karbenchky, G. (1991) Fruit trees. Bo Arpon. Agropramestetn; Moscow. Russia. 37. Cicala, A. and Catara, V. (1995). Potassium Fertilization effects on yield fruit quality and mineral composition of leaves of taracco orange trees. Hort. Apst. Vol. 65. (8),pp. 7451. 38. Cline, J. and Gardner, J. (2005). Commercial production of ‘HoneycrispTM’ apples in Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Factsheet Order No. 05-047, p12-27. 39. Conway, W. S., Sams, C. E. and Hickey, K. D. (2002). Pre-and Postharvest calcium treatment of appleFruit and its effect on quality. Acta hort. vol.594, 413 – 419. 40. Conyers, M. and Davey, B. (1988). Observations on some routine methods for soil pH determination. Soil Science, 145: 29-36 . 41. Corrigan, V. K., Hurst, P. L. and Boulton, G. (1997). Sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of ‘Pink Lady’ and other late-season apple cultivars. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 1997, V25: 375-383. 42. Costa, G., Corelli-Grappadelli, L. Bucchi, F. (2001). Studies on apple fruit abscission and growth as affected by cytokinins. Acta Horticulturae, 557:213-249. 43. Craig, B. (2010). Best Management Practices for Nova Scotia Apple Production.2016./ http://www.extensioncentral.com./ 44. Dart, J. (2004). Boron deficiency (cork) in pome fruits. www. Agric. Nsw. Gov. au. 45. Dart, J. (2007). Zinc Deficiency apples. www. dpi. nsw. gov. 46. Davies, D. H. (1965). Analysis of carotenoid pigments. goodwin, (T.wied). Academic Press. London, P:489-532 47. Davis, K., Stover, E. and Wirth, F. (2004). Economics of fruit thinning: a review focusing on apple and citrus. Hortechnology, 14(2):282-289. 48. Dell, B. and Huang, L. (1997). Physiological response of plants to low boron plant and soil 193:103-120. 49. Deyton, D. E., Sams, C. E. and Milne, C. G. (2002). Influence of foliar and micro jet application of Solubor and calcium on nutrient content of apple tees. Acta Hort. 594: 569-573. 50. Dobrazanski, B., Rabcewicz, J. and Rybczynski, R. (2006). Handling of apple transport techniques and efficiency vibration, damage and bruising texture, firmness and quality. polish acadmy of sciences. p: 233. 51. Dris, R., Niskanen, R. and Fallahi, E. (1999). Relationships between leaf and fruit minerals and fruit quality attributes of apple grown under northern conditions.j. plant nutr.vol.22, 1839 -1851. 52. Dunlop, J. and Bowling, D. J. F. (1978). Uptake of phosphate by white clover. II. The effect of pH on the electrogenic phosphate pump. J. Exp. Bot. 29, 1147–1153.53. EL-Khawagi, E. S. (2003). Improving growth and productivity of Manzanillo l of olive tree with foliar application of some nutrients and girdling under sandy soil.j. of appl.sci. res. 3(9):818-822. 54. El-Shazly, S. M., Abdel, N. G. and Harhash, M. M. (2000). Physiological and biochemical indices in Washington naval orange trees as influenced by iron foliar application. Alexandria J. Agric. Res.45(1): 287-306. 55. Emer, Y. (1989). Citrus fruit set: Carbohydrate, hormone, and leaf mineral relationships. In: C.J. Wright(ed.), Manipulation of flowering, pp, 233-242. 56. Englstead, O. and parks, W. (1976). Build up of phosphorus and potassium in soil and effective use of these reserves. Proc. TVA. Fertilizer conference. (Cincinnati, ohio), 27-28 July. 57. Epstein, E. (1972). Mineral nutrition of plant: principles and perspectives John Wiley & Sons, New York. 58. Ernani, P. R., Amarante, D. V. T., Dias, J. and Bassegato, A. A. (2002). Preharvest Calcium Sprays Improve Fruit Quality of “Gala “Apples in South Brazil.Acta. Hort. Vol,594, 481 – 486. 59. Fadliah, Z. G. (1977). Effect of different cations in the irrigation water on growth, mineral content, and some organic constituents of sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin seedlings. Ph.D. Thesis. Fac. Agric Alex. Univ. A.R.E. 60. Fallahi, E., Fallahi, B., Retamales, J. B., Valdes, C. and Tabatabaei, S. J. (2002). Prediction of apple fruitquality using preharvest mineral nutrient. Acta Horticulturae.Vol.594,427 – 433. 61. Fallahi, E., Fallahi, B., Neilsen, G., Neilsen, D., & Peryea, F. (2010). Effects of mineral nutrition on fruit quality and nutritional disorders in apples. International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Crops.Acta-Hor.V:1, Ar.64. 62. FAO. (1980). Soil testing and plant analysis. Bull. No. 38/1, food and agriculture organization, Rome, Italy .63. Faust, M. (1989). Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. Wiley, New York.U.S.A. 64. Ferguson, I. B. and Watkins, C. B. (1989). Bitter-pit in apple fruit. Hort. Rev. no. 11. P. 289-355. 65. Ferguson, I. B. and Watkins, C. B. (1992). Crop load affects mineral concentrations and incidence of bitter-pit in "Cox´s Orange Pippin" apple fruit. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. V. 117(3). P. 373 -376. 66. Ferguson, I. B., Watkins, C. B. and Volz, R. K. (1993). Assessment and reducation of bitter-pit risk in apple fruit. Actahort.no. 326 p.157-164. 67. Friedrich, G. and Fischer, M. (2000). Physiologische Grundlagen des Obstbaus. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 3. Auflage. 68. Ganie, A., Mumtaz, F., Akhter, M., Bhat, A., Malik, J., Junaid, M., Shah, A. and Bhat, T. (2013). Boron – a critical nutrient element for plant growth and productivity with reference to temperate fruits. Current Science, Vol. 104(1): 69. Gardner, J. (2003). Heading into summer queen´s printer for Ontario, Canada/ OMAF. 70. Gerasopoulos, D. and Richardson, D.G. (1999). Storage temperature and fruit calcium alterthe sequence of ripening events of “Anjou “Pears.Hortscience.Vol.34, N.2,316 – 318. 71. Gobara, A. A. (1998). Response of Le-conte pear trees to foliar applications of some nutrients. Egypt. J. Hort. 25 (1) 55-70. 72. Gokhan, H. (2002). Physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying zinc efficiency in monocot and dicot plants. Plant Physiology, 131:595-602. 73. Goldschmidt, E. and Golomb, A. (1982). The carbohydrateb alanceo f alternate-bearingc itrus trees and the significance of reserves for flowering and fruiting. J. Am. Soc. 107, 206-208 74. Gordana, Š. (2015). Application of NAA and BA in chemical thinning of some commercial apple cultivars. Acta Agriculturae Serbica, 20(39), 3-16. 75. Greene, D.W. (2002). Chemicals, timing, and environmental factors involved in thinner efficacy on apple. HortScienec., 37:477-481. 76. Grimm-Wetzel, P. and Schönherr, J. (2007). Spritzungen mit Calciumchlorid erhöhen die Calcium- und reduzieren die Kaliumkonzentrationen der peripheren Schichten von Apfelfrüchten. Erwerbs- Obstbau 49:3, 75. 77. Gu, M. Y. H., Jiang, H. and Peng, F. (1995). The translocation and distribution of foliar-applied boron during blooming of apple trees. Acta Agric. Nucl. Sin, 9, 86-90. 78. Guern, J. L. and Chen, H. C. (1996). Signal transduction in cell – matrix interaction. In Jeon, K. W (Ed) international review of cytology, 168: 81- 110. 79. Hafez, O. and Haggag, K. (2007). Quality improvement and storability of apple cv. Anna by pre-harvest Applications of Boric acid and Calcium Chloride. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 2(3):176-183. 80. Hamdallah, G. (2001). Soil Fertility Management: The Need for New Concepts in the Region Regional Workshop on Soil Fertility Management through Farmer Field Schools in the Near East"، Amman – Jordan، 2-5 Oct. ‘2000. 81. Han, S., Chen, L. S., jiang, H. X., Smith, B. R., Yang, L. T. and Xie, C. Y. (2008). Boron deficiency decreacses growth and photosynthesis and increases starchand hexoses in leaves of citrus seedling. J. Plant physio., 165:1331-1341. 82. Hanson, E. J. (1991). Movment of boron out of fruit tree leaves. Hort Sci., 26:271-273. 83. Hanson, R. (1993). Sampling plant tissue and soil for analysis. Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri Extension. 84. Harker, F. R., Maindonald, J., Murray, S. H., Gunson, F. A., Hallett, I. C. and Walker, S. B. (2002). Sensory interpretation of instrumental measurements 1: texture of apple fruit. Postharvest biology and technology 24:225-239.85. Hasani, M., Zamani, Z., Savaghebi, G. and Fatahi, R. (2012). Effect of zinc and manganese as foliar spray on pomegranate yield, fruit quality and leaf minerals. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 12(3), 471-480. 86. Hess, B., Stadler, W., Bertschinger, L., Krebs, C. and Schumacher, R. (1996). Alternanz und fruchtqualität von Boskoop bei unterschiedlicher ausdünnung und bodenpflege. Obst und Weinbau; 132:282-274. 87. Hulme, A. C. and Rhodes, M. H. C. (1971). Pome fruits. in: The biochemistry of fruit and their products. Vol 2. Hulme, A. C. (ed) London, Academic Press. Pp. 333-436. 88. Hume, L., Healy, W., Tama, K., Hosking, W., Manarangi, A. and Reynolds, J. (1985). Responses of citrus (Citrus sinensis) to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on 2 soils of Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 1. Effects of NPK fertilizer rate on soil properties and leaf nutrient levels. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 28 (4): 475-486. 89. Ilie, A. V., Hoza, D. and Oltenacu, V. C. (2016). A brief overview of hand and chemical thinning of apple fruit. Scientific Papers-Series B, Horticulture, (60), 59-64 90. Jackson, M. L (1958). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ . 91. Jemrić, T., Nikola, P., Dražen, B., Marin, K. and Dinko, P. (2003). January. The effect of hand and chemical fruit thinning on'Golden delicious cl. B'apple fruit quality. In Biotechnology and Food. 6: 193_198. 92. Jemrić, T., Pavičić, N. and Skendrović, M. (2004). Influence of thinning method on postharvest quality of ‚Golden Delicious Cl. B’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 70(1):11-15. 93. Jones, E. R. (1991). Agrowers guide to the foliar feeding of plants Washington and Oregon Farmer. 28:13-17. 94. Jones, K., Bound, S. A. and Miller, P. (1998). Crop Regulation of Pome Fruit in Australia TasmaniaInstitute of Agricultural Research. Hobart. ISBN.1, 86295-027-X.95. John, M. K., Chuah, H. H. and Neufeld, J. H. (1975): Application of improved azomethine-H method to the determination of boron in soils and plants. Analytical Letters 8(8): 559-568. 96. Johnson, D. (1994). Influence of time of flower and fruit thinning on the firmness of 'Cox Orange Pippin' apples at harvest and after storage. J Hort Sci; 69:197-203. 97. Johnston, J. W., Hewett, E. W. and Hertog, M. L. A. T. M. (2002). Postharvest softening of apple (Malus domestica) fruit: a review. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. Vol. 30: 145-160. 98. Joslyn, M. A. (1970). Methods in food analysis, physical, chemical and instrumental methods of analysis. 2nd ed. Academic press, New York 99. Joubert, J. (2007). The Effect of Different Water and Nutrient Management Strategies on theCalcium content in Apple Fruit. Master Thesis, University Stellenbosh 100. Kamali, A. R. and Childers, N. F. (1970). Growth and fruiting of peach in sand culture on affectea by boron and fritted from of trace elements. j. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 95:652-656. 101. Karp, G. (1984). Cell Biology 2nd ed Mc Grow Hill book company 186–194. 102. Khan. A., Ullah.W., Malik. A., Ahmed. R., Saleem. B. and Rajwana. I. (2011). Leaf Nutrient Status, Tree Growth, Productivity, and Fruit Quality of „Feutrell‟s Early‟ mandarin in relation to preharvest application of boron and zinc. Hort science. 46 (9): 25–28. 103. Khan, A. S., Ullah, W., Aman, U. M., Ahmad, R., Saleem, B. A. and Rajwana, I. A. (2012). Exogenous application of boron and zinc influence leaf nutrient status, tree growth and fruit quality of Feutrell‟s. Early (Citrus reticulate Blanco). Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 49(2): 113-119. 104. Koul, O. P. and Muthoo, A. K. (1999). Effect of foliar of calcium nitrate, zinc sulphate and ethrel on the fruit characteristics of florda Su Peach (prunus persica L. Batsch). Advances in plant sciences. 12:577-581. 105. Kumar, N. C., Rajangam, J., Balakrishnan, K., Sampath, P. M. and Kavya, M. V. (2017). Influence of Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Tree Growth and Chlorophyll Status of Mandarin Orange (Citrus reticulate. Blanco.) Under Lower Pulney Hills, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(2): 1100-1104. 106. Kupferman, E. (2002). Critical Aspects of Harvest and QualityManagement.Washington State University-Trees Fruit Research and Extension Center, post harvest information Network.http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/EMK .pdf. 107. Kupferman, E., Gutzwiler, J., Buchanan, N. and Sater, C. (2003). Quality of 2003 Crop of Washington Apples – Washington State University – tree fruit research and extension center. 108. Kusukyumuk, Z. and Erdal, I. (2011). Rootstock and cultivar effect on mineral nutrition, seasonal nutrient variation and correlations among leaf, flower and fruit nutrient concentrations in apple trees. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 17: (5): 633-641. 109. Lanauskas, j., Kviklienė, N., Uselis, N., Kviklys, D., Buskienė, L., Mažeika, R. and Staugaitis, G. (2012). The effect of calcium foliar fertilizers on cv. Ligol1. apples. Plant Soil Environ. 58(10): 465–470. 110. Lane, J. and Eynon, L. (1923). Determination of reducing sugars by means of fehling's solution with methylene blue as internal indicator. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. Trans. 32-36. 111. Lauri, P., Karen, M. and Catherine, T. (2006). Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus x domestica, Rosaceae) tree. American Journal of Botan. (93): 357–368. 112. Lin, B. S., Diao, S. Q., Li, C. H., Fang, L. J., Qiao, S. C. and Yu, M. (2014). Effect of Tms (nanostructured silicon dioxide) on growth of changbai larch seedlings. Journal of Forestry Research. 15 (2), 138- 140. 113. Link, H. (2000). Significance of flower and fruit thinning on fruit quality. Plant growth regul.Vol.31, 17-26.114. Little, C. (1999). Apple and pear maturity manual.colin.r. little. Sherbrook Victoria,Australia, p:118. 115. Lonstroth, M. (1994). Calcium and bitter pit management in apples. The great lakes fruit growers news, Vol. 33, No 5. Michigan District Extension Horticultural & Marketing Agent. 116. Loomis, W. Durst, R. (1992). Chemistry and biology of boron. BioFactors, 3, 229–239. 117. Lötze, E. and Theron, K. I. (2000). Evaluating theeffectiveness of pre-harvest calcium applications forbitter Pit control in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples under South African conditions. J. Plant Nutr. 30:471-485. 118. Lovatt, C. and Dugger, W. (1984). Boron. In: E. Frieden (ed.). Biochemistry of the essential ultratrace elements. Plenum Pub. Corp., N. York. USA. Pages 389-421. 119. Malakoti, M. J. (1996). Sutainabie agriculture and yield increment with by optimization of fertilizer usage. Agriculture Education Publishing. Karaj, Iran. 120. Malakoti, M. J. and Mostashareazadeh, B. (2008). The role of boron in increasing the quantitive and qualitive important of agriculture production, Agriculture Education. Publishing. Karaj, pp: 85. 121. Marschner, H. (1986). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Pp. 330-355. 122. Maurer, M. (1995). Reclaimed waste water irrigation and the fertilization of mature redblush grapefruit trees on spodosols in Florida. J. amer, soc, Hort. Sci. 120, pp, 394-402. 123. Mayr, U. and Schröder, M. (2007). Einsatz von calciumhaltigen Blattdüngern zur Stippebekämpfung. Obstbau, 27. Jahrgang, p. 293-298. 124. Mehinagic, E., Royer, G., Symoneuax, R., Bertrand, D., & Jourjon, F. (2004). Prediction of the sensory quality of apples by physical measurements. Postharvest Biology and Technology 34, 257-269.125. Mengel, K. and Kirkby, A. (2001). Principle of plant nutrition. 5th ed kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 126. Mingues-Mosquera, M. I., Gandul-Rojas, B. and Gallado- Guerrero, M. L. (1992). Rapid method of quantification of chlorophylls and cartenoids in virgin olive oil by high pperformance liquid chromatography. J Agric. Food Chem. 40(40):60-63. 127. Mohamad, M. A. and Ahmad, F. F. (1991). Yeild and quality of Anna Apple cultivar fruits as affected by application of copper, Zink and nutrients, Annuls Agric. Sci. Moshtohor. 29 (1): 3-5. 128. Mohamed, W. H. (2012). Effects of humic acid and calcium forms on dry weight and nutrient uptake of maize plant. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(8): 597-604. 129. Mong, E., Val, J., Sanz, M., Blanco, A. and Montanes, L. (1995). EI calico nutriente par alas plants. Bitter-pit en manzano. An. Est. Exp. Aula. Dei. V. 21 (3). 189-201. 130. Mosal, W. A., Abd EL-Megeed, A. N. and Paszt, L. S. (2015). The Effect of the foliar application of potassium, calcium, boron and humic acid on vegetative growth, fruit set, leaf mineral, yield and fruit quality of 'Anna' apple trees. American journal of experimental agriculture. 8(4): 224-234. 131. Moulton, G. A., Spitler, G. H., King, J., Price, L. J. and Zimmerman, D. (2003). Evaluation of apple cultivars for hard cider production. Http:// Cider Apple Report.Html (2006). 132. Mousavi, S. R. (2011). Zinc in crop production and interaction with phosphorus. Australian journal of basic and applied sciences, 5(9): 1503-1509. 133. Mousavi, S. R., Galavi, M. and Maryam. R. (2013). Zinc (Zn) Importance for crop production – a review. International journal of agronomy and plant production. Vol., 4 (1), 64-68.134. Muzher, B. M., AL-Halabi, O. T., Amer, T. and Hennawi, S. (2016). Influence of some apple rootstocks grafted by golden delicious on N, P, and K mineral uptakeunder rainfed conditions. Agriculture & forestry, Vol. 62 Issue 1: 209-216 135. Nachtigall, G. and Dechen, A. (2006). Seasonality of nutrients in leaves and fruits of apple trees. Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.) vol.63 (5): 493-501 136. Nagy, P. T. and Holb, I. J. (2006). Study on the macronuterient content of apple leaves in an organic orchards. J. Cen. Eur. Agri., 7 (2): 329-336. 137. Neilsen, G. H. and Neilsen, D. N. (1994). Tree fruit zinc nutrition In; Tree fruit nutrition, P85-93. In; A.B. Peterson and R.G. Stevens (eds) Good fruit grower, Yakima, Washington. 138. Neilsen, G. H. and Neilsen, D. (2003). Nutritional requirements of apple. PP. 267-302. 139. Neilsen, G., Neilsen, D., Herbert, L. and Hogue, E. (2004). Response of apple to fertigation of N and K under conditions susceptible to the development of K deficiency. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 129: 26-31 . 140. Neilsen, G., Neilsen, D., Dong, S., Toivonen, P. and Peryea, F. (2005). Applications of Cacl2 Sprays Ealier in the Season may Reduce Bitter Pit Incidence in “Braeburn “Apple.Hortscience.Vol.40, N.6, 1850 – 1853. 141. Neilsen, G. H., Neilsen, D., Hogue, E. and Herbert, H. (2006). Apple orchards respond to boron fertigation Pacific Agri-Food Research, Canada. 142. Neilsen, D. and Neilsen, G. (2009). Nutritional effects on fruit quality for apple trees. New York Qurterly.Vol.17, N.3, 21-24. 143. Olsen, S., Cole, C., Watanabe, F. and Dean, L. (1954). “Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate” ، USDA Circ. 939. US Governmental printing office ،Washington ،DC. 144. Olszewski, T. and Mika, A. (1999). The effect of Summer pruning and Calcium foliar spraying of Jonagold and Sampion apple trees on fruit storage quality. Acta Hort.485:287-292.145. Ouyang, T. (1995). Soil micronutrients and citrus growth. Pedosphere. 3 (4): 341-347. Hort. Abs.: 1604. 146. Ozcan, S. and Brohi. (2000). Effect of deffernt Folige Fertilizer on growth dry matter yiell and NPK content of maize plant the Annual meeting of ESNA/Jointly orgnised with UIR working group soil to plant transfer. Austri an Research center. 142-146. 147. Paillard, N. M. R. (1990). The flavour of apples, pears and quinces. Pp.1-41 in: Food flavours. Part C. The flavour of fruit. Morton, I. D.; MacLeod, A. J. ed. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo, Elsevier 148. Parther, R. J., Goertzen, J. O., Rhoades, J. D. and Frenkel, H. (1978). Efficient amendment use in sodic soil reclamation. soil. Sci. Soc. Amer. J., 42: 782-786. 149. Paul, M. (1999). Fertilizing temperate tree fruit and Nut crops at home, Publication of University of Caifornia. 150. Pawel, W. and Wojcik, M. (2003). Effects of boron fertilization on Conference pear tree vigor, nutrition, and fruit yield and storability. Plant and Soil. 256(2): 413- 421. 151. Peech, M., Alexander, L., Dean, L. and Reed, J. (1947). Methods of soil analysis for soil fertility investigations. U.S. Dept. Agr. C. 757. p .25. 152. Pegah, S. A. and Ali. R. Sh. (2010). The Influence of urea, Boric acid and Zinc sulphat on vegetative traits of Olive Dep. Hortic. Sci., Col. Agric., Shiraz Univ., Iran.13p. 153. Perovic, N. (1988). Effect of micronutrients applied through leaves in combination with different times and ways of applying phosphorus- potassium fertilizers on yield and quality of grapes. Journal for scientific agricultural research 49: 143-152. 154. Perring, M. A. and Bunemann, G. (1974). Harvesting and storing. Acta Hort.45:29-32.155. Peryea, F. and Drake, S. R. (1991). Influence of mid-summer boron sprays on boron content and quality indices of (Delicious) apple. J. Plant Nutr. 14: 825-840. 156. Peryea, F. and Willemsen, K. (2000). Nutrient Sprays. WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. www. tfrec. wsu. edu. 157. Peşteanu, A. (2015). The influence of thinning agent on base of 6-BA and NAA on productivity and fruit quality of ‚Gala Must’ variety. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 72(1):151-153. 158. Petracek, P. D. and Silverman, F. P. (2003). A history of commercial plant growth regulators in apple production. HortScience. 38: 937-942. 159. Pfammatter, W. and Dessimoz, A. (1999). Eclaircissage chimique de pommiers Royal Gala et Braeburn. Rev Suiss Vitic Arboric Hortic; 31:299-302. 160. Poovaiah, B. W. and Reddy, A. N. S. (2000). Calcium messenger systems in plants, C. R. C. Crit Rev. Plant Sci., 6: 47- 102. 161. Racsko, J., Nagy, J., Szabo, Z., Soltesz, M., Nagy, P.T., Nyeki, J. and Holb, I. (2005). The effect of nitrogensupply on specific yield and fruit quality ofapple. Int.J.Hort.Sci.Vol.11, N.2, 7 – 21. 162. Raese, J. T. (1998). Response of apple and pear trees to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers. J. Plant. Nut. v.21(12). p. 2671-2696. 163. Rainham, D. (2001). Post harvest nutrition for pome fruit horticultural newsletter G. P. Dall. Horticultural Consultant Vol. 7. No 4. 164. Ramenzani, S. and Shekafandeh, A. (2011). Influence of Zn and K Sprays onfruit and pulp growth in olive (Olea europaea L. cv. ‘Amygdalifolia’)1. Dep. Hort. Sci., Col. Agric., Shiraz Univ. Shiraz, I.R. Iran. 165. Rashid, A. (1986). Mapping Zinc fertility of soil using indicator plant and soil analysis. Ph. D. Dessrtation. University of Hawaii, HI, USA. 166. Rasmussen, H. P. (1967). Calcium and strength of leaves. I Anatomy and histochemistry. Bot.Gaz. 128: 219-223167. Rizvi, R., Mahmood, I. and Tiyagi, S.A. (2014). Potential role of organic matters and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on the Growth and productivity of Green gram. J. Agric. Sci.Tech.,16:721:729. 168. Rogers, B. L. and Williams G. R. (1977). Chemical thinning of spur-type Delicious apple fruit. Virginia Fruit, 65:23-28 169. Roy, R. N., Finck, A., Blair, G. J. and Tandon, H. L. S. (2006). Plant nutrition for food security. A guide for integrated nutrient management. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rom. 170. Ruiz, R. and Guardiola, J. (1994). Methods of fruit and vegetable products. department of agriculture. British Columbia, Canada, pp. 68-70. 171. Ruiz, R. and Guardiola, J. (1994). Carbohydrate and mineral nutrition of orange fmitlets in relation to growth and abscission. Physiol Plant, 90, 1994, 27-36 . 172. Sadaghiani, M. R., Malakoti, M. J. and Samar, S. M. (2002). The effectiveness of different application method of zink sulfate on nutritional conditions of apllein Iran. WCSS, Thailand. Paper no 2151. 173. Sajid, M., Abdur-Rab., Ali, N., Arif, M., Ferguson, L. and Ahmed, M. (2010). Effect of foliar application of Zn and B on fruit production and physiological disorders in sweet orange cv. Blood Orange. Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.26, No.3, 355-360. 174. Sajida, P. and Hafeez, R. (2000). Effect of foliar application of zinc, manganese and boron in combination with urea on the yield of sweet orange. Pak. J. Agri. Res. 16(2): 135-14. 175. Sanches, E. E. and Righetti, T. L. (2005). Effect of postharvest siol and foliar application of boron fertilizer on the partitioning of boron in apple trees. Hort sc., 40:15-21. 176. Schumacher, R., Stadler, W. and Weidmann, G. (1989). Chemische fruchtausdünnung zur verbesserung der fruchtqualität bei der sorte Golden Delicious. Schweiz. Zeitschr. Obst - und Weinbau; 125:503-513.177. Šebek, G. (2015). Application of NAA and BA in chemical thinning of some commercial apple cultivars. Acta Agriculturae Serbica, 20(39), pp.3-16. 178. Sharples, G. G. and Hilgeman, R. H. (1977). Influence of differentiation quality and foliage composition of Valencia Orange trees in central Arizona. Proceedings first international citrus. Citrus symposium, Vol (3): university of Arizona, pp, 1569-1578. 179. Shear, C. B. and Faust, M. (1980). Nutritional ranges in deciduous tree fruits and nuts. Horticultural Reviews 2, 142–163. 180. Sheikh, M. K. and Manjula N. (2009). Effect split application N.K on growth fruiting ganesh pomegranate punica granatum L. Acta.Hort.213-218 P. 181. Shelp, B. J., Edwars, M., Alice, M. K. and I' athmana, T. V. (1995). Boron mobility in high plant quality. In: mineral nutrition of fruit trees. Butter worth' s ,London .103-108 P. 182. Siddiqui, S. and Bangerth, F. (1995). Effect of Pre-harvest Application of Calcium on Flesh Firmness and Cell-wall Composition of Apples Influence of Fruit Size.Journal of Horticultural Science.Vol.70, 263 – 269. 183. Sims, J. L., Scholtzhauer, W. S. and Grove, J. H. (1995). Soluble calcium fertilizer effects on early growth and nutrition of burley tobacco./. Plant Nutr. 18 (5): 911- 921. 184. Singh, A. (2003): Fruit physiology and production. University of Allahabad (India). Kalyani publishers. ISBN, vol.81, pp.1178 –180. 185. Singh, A. and Singh, J. N. (2006). Studies on influence of boron fertilizers and bio regulators on flowering, yield and fruit quality of strawberry cv. Sweet charley. ANN. Agric. Res., 27(3):261-264. 186. Smith, R.H. and Johnson, W. C. (1969). Effect of boron on white clover nectar production. Crop Sci.9,75-76. 187. Smith, P. (1975). Effect of scion and rootstock on mineral composition of mandarin-type citrus leaves. J. Amer. Soci. Hort. Sci. 100(4): 368-369.188. Sotiropoulos, T. E., Therios, I. N., Dimassi, K. N. and Tsirakoglou, V. (2005). effects of applications of acomplex and N-Ca Fertilizer on leaf and fruit nutrient concentrations and somefruit quality parameters in two apple cultivars. Hort.Sci.Vol.32, N.1, 9 – 16. 189. Sotiropoulos, Τ. E. (2008). Performance of the apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivar imperial double red delicious grafted on five rootstocks.Hort. Sci. (Prague), 35, (1): 7–11. 190. Sotomayor, C. and Norambuena, P. (2008). Iinfluence of boron foliar sprays on fruit growth and seed number of hayward kiwifruit. VI International ISHS Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Crops. Book of abstracts. | Sessio 05, p 111. 191. Sourour, M. M. (2000). Effect of some micronutrients forms on growth, yield, fruit quality and leaf mineral composition of Valencia orange trees grown in North-sinani. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 45 No. 1: 269-285. 192. Southwick, S., Weis, K. and Yeager, J. (1996). Bloom thinning of "Loadel" cling peach with asurfactant. Jounal of American Scociety for Horticultural Science.121:334-338. 193. Southwick, S., Weis, K., Yeager, J., Rupert. M. and Hasey, J. (1998). Chemical thinning of cling peach. Acta Horticulturae.465:647-653. 194. Srivastava, A. K., Shirgure, P. S. and Shyam. S. (2003). Differential fertigation response of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) on an alkaline Inceptisol under sub-humid tropical climate. Tropical Agriculture 80: 91–6. 195. Stewart, W. and Brannaman, H. (1968). Effect of 2,4-D and related substances on fruit-drop, yield, size and quality of Valencia Oranges, Hilgardia 21: 301-329 196. Stoll, K. (1997). Der Apfel, Enrico Negri AG, Zürich. 197. Stopar, M. (2002). Thinning of ‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples with BA, NAA and their combinations. Jour. of central european agriculture, 3: 1-6. 198. Storey, J. B. (2007). Zinc, In: A.V. Barker and D.J. Pilbeam (eds.) Handbook of plant nutrition. CRC Press, New York. p. 411–437.199. Stover, E., Fargione, M., Risio, R., Stiles, W. and Lungerman, K. (1999). Prebloom foliar boron, zinc, and urea applications enhance cropping of some “Empire” and “McIntosh” apple orchards in NewYork. Hort Science 34 (2): 210-214. 200. Strand, L., Rechtoris, C. and Mussell, H. (1976). Polygalacturonases release cellwall bound proteins. Plant Physiology. 58:722-725. 201. Streif, J. (2002). Ernte, Lagerung, Sortierung und Verpackung. In (Link, H.) Lucas, Anleitung zum Obstbau. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 32. Auflage. 202. Swietlik, D. (1999). Zinc nutrition in horticultural crops. In: J. Janick (ed.). Horticultural Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.109-118. 203. Swietlik, D. (2002). Zink Nutrition of Fruit Trees by Foliar sprays. Acta Hort. 594, ISHS. 204. Taher, A. Y. and Hassan, H. S. A. (2005). Effect of Some Chemical Treatments on Fruiting of 'Leconte' Pears. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 1(1): 35-42. 205. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant physiology. Fourth Edition Sinauer Associates, Inc., publishers sunderland, Massachusetts. 206. Taylor, K. (2004). Apple nutrient sprays. The University of Georgia-Department of ntomolgy, college of agricultural and environmantal sciences Athens, Griffin, States boro and Tifton. 207. Tendon, H. (2005). Methods of analysis of soils, plants, waters and fertilizers. Fertilization development and consultation organization, New Delhi. India. 208. Tojnko, S., Ternar, T. and Cmelik, Z. (2002). Effect of foliar application and fertilization with some nutrients on fruit content of young Golden delicious apple trees. Acta Hort. 594:185-189. 209. Tomala, K. (1997). Orchard factors affecting nutrient content and fruit quality.Acta Hort.Vol.448, 257 – 264. 210. Tomala, K. (1999). Orchard factors affecting fruit storage quality and prediction of harvest date of apples. Acta Hort.485:373-382. 211. Treder, W. (2008). Relationship between yield, crop density coefficient and average fruit weight of ‘Gala apple. Journal of fruit and ornamental plant research, 16:53-63. 212. Trivedi, N., Singh, D., Bahadur, V., Prasad, V. and Collis, P. (2012). Effect of foliar application of zink and boron on yield and fruit quality of guava (psidium guajava L.). Hort flora Research Spectrum, 1 (3); 281-283. 213. Uepmnht, B. B., (1990). Diagnostic of nutrient on plants. 1. 234 p. 214. Ullah, S., Khan, A.S., Malik, A.U., Afzal, I., Shahid, M. and Razzaq, K. (2012). Foliar application of boron influences the leaf mineral status, vegetative and reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality of kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.). J. Plant Nutrition., 35: 2067-2079. 215. Vămăşescu, S., Bălan, V. (2014). Thinning and foliar fertiliyation influence on the zield of Idared apple cultivar. Scientific Papers. Seria B, Horticulture LVIII:107-110. 216. Veberic, R., Dominik, V. and Franci, S. (2005). Influence of foliar-applied phosphorus and potassium on photosynthesis and transpiration of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple leaves (Malus domestica Borkh.). Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 85 - 1, maj 2005. str. 143 – 155. 217. Vercamen, J. (1997). L'eclaircissage chimique du pommier: une technique don’t on ne peut plus faire ion. Fruit Belge; 65:51-54. 218. Weinzierl, R. (2012). Illinois fruit and vegetable news. Vol. 18, No 6, http://ipm illnois.edu/ifvn/. 219. Westwood, M. (1987). Temperate zone pomology. Freeman and Company.San Francisco, U.S.A. 220. Widmer, A. (2001). Light intensity and fruit quality under hail protection nets. Acta Horticulturae.Vol.557, 421-426. 221. Wills, R., Tirmazi, S. and Scott, K. (1977). Use of calcium to delay ripening of tomatoes. Hort. Science 12:551-552.222. Wills, R., McGlasson, B., Graham, D. and Joyce, D., (1998). Postharvest: an introduction to the physiology& handling of fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. 4th edition, CABI Publishing Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8DE, UK. 223. Wojcik, P., G. Cieslinski. and Mika, A. (1999). Apple yield and fruit quality as influenced by boron applications. Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol. 22, No. 9, PP. 1365-1377. 224. Wojcik, P. and Szwonek, E. (2002). Applied calcium materials in improving apple quality. Actahort, 594. 225. Wojcik, P. (2007). Vegetative and reproductive responses of apple trees to zinc fertilization under conditions of acidcoarse-textured soil. J. Plant Nutr. 30: 1791–1802. 226. Wojcik, P., Wojcik, M. and Klamkowski, K. (2008). Response of apple trees to boron fertilization under condition of low spoil boron availability. Sci. Hortic, 116, 58-64. 227. Wooldridge, J. (2001). Bitter pit in apples. A south africa perspective. Report for ARC, Infruitec/Nietvoorbij. Stellenbosch. 228. Yadav, V., Singh, P.N. and Yadav, P. (2013). Effect of foliar fertilization of boron, zinc and iron on fruit growth and yield of low-chill peach cv. Sharbati. nternational Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 8, ISSN. 2250- 3153. 229. Yamdagni, R., Singh, D. and Jindal, P.C. (1979). A note on effect of boron sprays on quality of grapes cv. Thompson seedless. Progressive- Horticulture .11(1),35-36. 230. Yogaratnam, N. and Johnson, D. (1982). The application of foliar spray containing nitrogen magnesium, zinc and boron on apple trees. II Effect n mineral composition and quality of the fruit. J. Hort. Sci. 57:159-164. 231. Yua, S. K. and Ryan, J. (2008). Boron toxicity tolerance in crops: A viable alternative to soil amelioration. Crop and science. 48: 854–865.232. Yuan, R. and Greene, D.W. (2000). Benzyladenine as a chemical thinner for ‘McIntosh’ apples. I. Fruit thinning effects and associated relationships with photosynthesis assimilate translocation, and nonstructural carbohydrates. Jour. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125: 169-176. 233. Zocchi, G. and Mignani, I. (1995). Calcium physiology and metabolism in fruit trees. Acta Hort.Vol.383,15 – 23.