References
1. Abdullaev, F. I. and Espinosa-Aguirre, J.J. 2003. Biomedical properties of saffron and its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials. Cancer detect prev. 28 :246-432.
2. Abe, K. and Saito, H. 2000. Effects of saffron extract and its constituent crocin on learning behaviour and long-term potentiation. Phytother Res. 14 (3):49-52.
3. Ahmad, M., Zaffar, G., Mir, S.D., Razvi, S.M., Rather, M.A. and Mir, M.R. 2011. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Strategies for enhancing productivity. Research Journal of Medical Plant, 5(6): 630-649.4. Ahmad, M., Zaffar, G., Habib, M., Arshid, A., Dar, N. A. and Dar, Z. A. 2014. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the light of biotechnological approaches. Academic journals. 9(2): 2348-2353.
5.
6. Ahouran, M., R. Hosseini and R. Zarghami. 2012. Corms as a source of explants for the successful clonal propagation of Crocus cancellatus. J. Crop Sci. Biotech., 15(1): 47-51.
7. Ahuja, A., Kaul, S., Ram, G. and Kaul, B.L. 1994. Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plantlets in saffron, Crocus sativus L., Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 32: 135-140.
8. Akula, R. and Ravishankar, G. A. 2011. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signaling and Behavior 6: 1720-1731
9. Alam, P., Elkholy, SH.F., Hosokawa, M., Mahfouz, S.A. and Sharaf-ELdin, M.A. 2016. Simultaneous extraction and rapid HPLC based quantification of crocin and safranal in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Int J pharm Sci. (8):224-227.
10. Alavi-Kia, S.S., Mohammadi, S.A., Aharizad, S., Moghadam, M. 2008. Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in crocus genus of Iran using inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism. Biotechnol Eq. 22:795-800.
11. Ali, S.I. and Mathew, B. 2000. Iridaceae. In: Flora of Pakistan(eds.): Ali S.I. & Qaiser, M. department of botany. University UK. pp. 35.
12. Alonso, G.L., Salinas, M.R., Garijo, J and Sanchez-Fernandez, M.A. 2001. Composition of crocins and picrocrocin from Spanish saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Food Quality. 24: 219-233.
13. Alsayied, N. F. 2015. molecular diversity and relationships of saffron and wild crocus species. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Leicester. Department of Biology, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.
14. Ammiraju, J., Dholakia, B., Santra, D., Singh, H., Lagu, M., Tamhankar, S. 2001. Identification of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers associated with size in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 102: 726-732.
15. Anabat, M.M., Riahi, H., Sheidai, M. and Koohdar, F. 2020. Population genetic study and barcoding in Iran saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Industrial crops and broducts (143) 111915.
16. Ascough, G. D., Erwin, J. E., J. and Vanstaden, J. 2008. Reduced temperature, elevated sucrose, continuous light and gibbrellic acid promote corm formation in Watsonia vanderspuyiae. Plant cell tissue organ cult. 95: 275-283.17. Ayad, W.G., Hodgkin, T., Jaradat, A. and Rao, V.R. 1997. Moleculargenetic techniques for plant genetic resources. Report for an IPGRI workshop, IPGRI, Rome, Italy,11-12.
18. Aytekin, A., Acikgoz, A.O. 2008. Hormone and microorganism treatments in the cultivation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) plants. Molecules, 13: 1135-1147.
19. Azarabadi, N. and Ozdemir, F. 2018. determination of crocin content and volatile components in different qualities of iranian saffron. GIDA. 43 (3): 476-489.
20. Bajaj, Y. P. S. 1990. Somaclonal variations - origin, induction, cryopreservation, and implications in plant breeding. pp: 3-48.
21. Basker, D. and Negbi, M. 1983. Uses of saffron. Econ Bot. 37(2):228–236.
22. Ben Mahmoud, K., Rebaii, J., Jemai, N., Jedidi, E. and Jemmali, A. 2021. In vitro micropropagation attempts of the high value spice saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Research Gate.9: 21. 727-734.
23. Bhagyalakshmi, N. 1999. Factors influencing direct shoot regeneration from ovary explants of saffron, Plant Cell Tiss. Org., 58: 205-211.
24. Bhalsing, S. R., and Maheshwari, V. L. 1998. Plant tissue culture: A potential source of medicinal compounds. Journal of scientific & industrial research. 57(10-11), 703-708.
25. Blazquez, S., Olmos, E., Hernandez, J. A., Fernandez-Garcia, N., Fernandez, J. A. and Piqueras, A., 2009. Somatic embryogenesis in saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Histological differentiation and implication of some components of the antioxidant enzymatic system, Plant Cell Tiss. Org., 97, 49-57.
26. Blazquez, S., Piqueras, A., Serna, M.D., Casas, J.L. and Fernandez, J.A. 2004. Somatic embryogenesis in saffron: optimization through temporary immersion and polyamine metabolism. ActaHortic. 650:269-276.
27. Boligon, A. A. and Athayde, M.L. 2014. The importance of HPLC in the analysis of plants extracts. Austin Chromatography.1:2.
28. Bornet B., Goraguer F., Joy G., Branchard M. 2002. Genetic diversity in European and Argentinian cultivated potatoes (Solanumtuberosum subsp. tuberosum) detected by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Genome 45:481-484
29. Broertjes, C. and Van Harten, A.M. 2013. Applied mutation breeding for vegetatively propagated crops. 1st. edition. vol 12. Elsevier.
30. Bukhari S. I., kaul S. and Dhar M.K. 2014. DNA and metabolite based profiling in Crocus sativus L. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 4(10):2250-3153.31. Caballero-Ortega H., and Pereda- Miranda, R. 2007. Abdullaev FI. HPLC quantification of major active components from 11 different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) sources. Food. Chemistry. 3: 1126-1131.
32. Caiola, M. G. and Canini, A. 2010. Looking for saffron’s (Crocus sativus L.) parents. Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology. (special issue 2): 1-14.
33. Caiola, M. G., Caputa, P. and Zanier, R. 2004. RAPD analysis Crocus sativus L. accessions and related Crocus species. BiologiaPlantarum. 48(3):375-380.
34. Carrier, D., Cunningham, J., Taylor, D. and Dunstan, D. 1997. Sucrose requirements and lipid utilization during germination of interior spruce (Piceaglaucaengelmannii complex) somatic embryos, Plant Cell Rep. 16: 550–554.
35. Chaloushi, B., Zarghami, R., Abd -Mishani, C., Omidi, M. and Agayev, Y. 2007. Effects of Different Hormonal Treatments on the Callus Production and Plantlet Regeneration in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 15: 1625 -1631.
36. Chen, Sh., Wang, X., Zhao, B., Yuan X. and Wang, Y. 2004. Production of crocin using Crocus sativus callus by two-stage culture system. Biotechnology Letters. 25: 1235–1238.
37. Chio-Sang, T. 1996. Effectig of planting Depth and existence of tunic on growth and flowering in Freesia forcing, J. Korean Hortic. Sci. 37: 57-581.
38. Darvishi, E., Zarghami, R., Mishani, C.A., Omidi, M. and Sarkhosh, A. 2006. In vitro production of pathogen-free plantlets via meristem culture in saffron (Crocus Sativus L.). Biotechnology, 5(3): 292-295.
39. Das, A., Sarkar, S., Bhattacharyya, S., and Gantait, S. 2020. Biotechnological advancements in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 104(11), 4811-4835.
40. De - jong, J. and Custers, J.B.M. 1986. Induced changes and flowering of chrysanthemun after irradiation and in vitro culture of pedicels and petals epidermis. Euphytica. 35: 137-148.
41. Demeter, Z., Suranyi, G. Molnar, V.A., Sramko, G., Beyer, D., Konya, Z., Vasas, G., Marta, M. and Mathe, C. 2011. Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration from shoot primordia of Crocus heuffelianus. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 100: 349-353.
42. Dennis, E. S. 2004. Molecular analysis of the alcohol dehydrogenase (adhI) genes of maize. Nucleic Acid Res. 12: 3983-4000.
43. Devi, K., Sharma, M. and Ahuja, P. 2014. Direct somatic embryogenesis with high frequency plantlet regeneration and successive cormlet production in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). S. Afr. J. Bot. 93: 207-216.44. Dicosmo, F. and Towers, G. H. N. 1984. Stress and secondary metabolism in cultured plant cells In: Phytochemicals Adaptations to Stress. Steelink & Frank A. Loewus .pp 97–175.
45. Ding, B.Z., Bai, SH., Wu, Y. and Fan, XP. 1981. Induction of callus and regeneration of plantlets from corm of Crocus sativus L. Acta bot sin. 23: 434-
46. Ebrahimzadeh, H., Karamian, R. and Noori-Daloii, M.R. 2000. Smotic emberyo
genesis and regeneration of plantlet in saffron, Crocus sativuse L. J. Sc.I .R .,1356-1360.
47. Ebrahimzadeharvanaghi, S. and Arkun G. 2018. Investigating the Chemical Composition of Saffron (Crocus sativus) Growing in Different Geographic Regions. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 6: 1.
48. Elhag, H., and Butler, L. G. 1992. Effect of genotype, explant age and medium composition on callus production and plant regeneration from immature embryos of sorghum. Arab. Gulf. J. Sci. Res., 10: 109-119.
49. Evans, D. A., Sharp, W. R. and Medina-Filho, H.P. 1984.Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation. Amer. Jour. Bot.71:(6) 759-774.
50. Evans, D. E., Coleman, J. O. D. and Kearns, A. 2003. Role of callus in embryogenesis, organogenesis, and cell culture. In: Plant Cell Culture. Oxford Brookes UniversityOxford, UK Bios Scientific Publishers, pp. 64-65.
51. Fernandez, J. A. 2004. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent Research of Development in Plant Science. 2:127–159.
52. Fernandez, J. A. 2007. Genetic resources of saffron and allies (Crocus spp.). Acta Horticulturae. 739:167–185.
53. Fernández, J.A., Santana, O., Guardiola, J.L., Molina, R.V., Heslop-Harrison, J.S., Borbely, G. and DeLos-Mozos-Pascual, M. 2011. The World Saffron and Crocus collection: strategies for establishment, management, characterisation and utilisation. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 58: 125-137.
54. Firoozi, B., Zare, N., Sofalian, O. and Sheikhzade-Mosadegha, P. 2019. In Vitro Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis and Secondary Metabolites Production in the Saffron: Emphasis on Ultrasound and Plant Growth Regulators. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 25: 1-102.
55. Fliniaux, O., Mesnard, F., Raynaud‐Le Grandic, S., Baltora‐Rosset, S., Bienaimé, C., Robins, R. J., and Fliniaux, M. A. 2004. Altered nitrogen metabolism associated with de‐differentiated suspension cultures derived from root cultures of Datura stramonium studied by heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC) NMR spectroscopy. Journal of experimental botany, 55(399). 1053-106056. Francis, D and Sorrell, D.A. 2001. the interface between the cell cycle and plant growth regulators: a mini review. Plant Growth Regul. 33: 1-12.
57. Gazerani, S., Sani, A., Tajalli, F. 2013. Effect of solvent extraction on qualitative parameters of saffron edible extract. RRBS, 7(3):112-116.
58. George, P. Visvanath, S., Ravishankar, G. and Venkataraman, L. 1992. Tissue culture of saffron (Crocus sativus L.): somatic embryogenesis and shoot regeneration. Food Biotechnol. 6:217-223.
59. Ghorbanpour, M., Hadian, J., Nikabadi, Sh. and Varma, A. 2017. Importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Human Life. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68717-9_1.
60. Giaccio, M., 1990. Components and features of saffron. Proceedings of the International Conference on Saffron, L’Aquila, 135-148.
61. Giorgi, A., Pentimalli, D., Giupponi L. and Panseri, S. 2017. Quality traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) produced in the Italian Alps. Open Agriculture. 2: 52-57.
62. Goldblatt, P., Rodriguez, A., Powell, MP., Davies, TJ., Manning, JC., Van Der Bank, M. and Savolainen, V. 2008. ‘Iridaceae out of Australasia’? (et al) Phylogeny, biogeography, and divergence time based on plastid DNA sequences. Systematic Botany. 33. 495-508.
63. Grilli-Caiola m, Caputo P, Zanier R. 2004. RAPD analysis in Crocus sativus L. accessions and related crocus species. Biologia Plantarum. 48: 375-380.
64. Gunn, R.E. and Shepard, J.F. Regeneration of plants from mesophyll-derived protoplasts of British potato (Solanumtuberosum L.) cultivars. Plant Science Letters, v.22, p.97-101, 1981.
65. Haggag, E.G., Abou-Moustafa, M.A., Boucher, W. and Theoharides, T.C., 2003. The effect of a herbal water extract on histamine release from mast cells and on allergic asthma. J. Herb. Pharmcother., v. 3, 41-54.
66. Halim, R., Akyol, B. and Gürel, A. 2018. In vitro Callus Induction of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. 3, 11: 24562-165.
67. Harpke, D., Meng, S., Rutten, T., Kerndorff, H. and Blattner, F.R. 2013. Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66: 617-627.
68. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, F.T. Jr. and Geneve, R.L. 1997. Plant propagation: Principles and practice. 6th ed. p. 770. Prentice hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J69. Hartwell, J.L., 1982. Plants used against cancer. A survey Lawrence, Massachusetts. MA. Quaterman Publications. pp. 348-39.
70. Hirochica, H., Sugimoto, K., Otsuki, Y. Tsugawa, H. and Kanda, M. 1996. Retrotransposons of rice involved in mutations induced by tissue culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 7783-7788.
71. Hori, H.; Enomoto, K.; Nakaya, M. 1988. Induction of callus from pistils of Crocus sativus L. and production of color compounds in the callus. Plant Tissue Cult. Lett. 5:72-77.
72. Hosseinzadeh, H. and Nassiri‐ Asl, M. 2012. Avicenna's (Ibn Sina) the Canon of Medicine and Saffron (Crocus sativus): A Review. Phytotherapy Research. 27: 475-483.
73. Huang, J. and Sun, S.M. 2000. Genetic diversity and relationships of sweet potato and its wild relatives in Ipomoea series Batatas (Convolvulaceae) as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and restriction analysis of chloroplast DNA. TheorAppl Genet, 100: 1050–1060.
74. Husaini, A. M. Ul Haq, S. A. and López Jiménez A. J. 2022. Understanding safron biology using omics and bioinformatics tools: stepping towards a better Crocus phenome. Molecular Biology Reports. 49:5325–5340.
75. Hussey, G. 1975. Totipotency in tissue explants and callus of some members of the Liliaceae, Iridaceaeand Amaryllidaceae. Journal of Experimental Botany. 26: 253–262.
76. Ilahi, I., Jabeen, M. and Firdous, N. 1987. Morphogenesis with saffron tissue culture. J. Plant Physiol., 128: 227-232.
77. Jackson, A.L., Ru, C. and Lawrence, L.A. 1998. Induction microsatellite instability by oxidative DNA damage. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 95: 12468-12473.
78. Janowicz, J., Niemann, J., and Wojciechowski, A. 2012. The effect of growth regulators on the regeneration ability of flax (linum usitatissimum L.) hypocotyl explants in in vitro culture. Journal of Biotechnology, Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology. 93(2): 135-138.
79. Joshi, S.P., Gupta, V.S., Aggarwal, R.K., Ranjekar, P.K. and Brar, D.S. 2000. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism in the genus Oryza. TheorAppl Genet, 100: 1311–1320.
80. Kaeppler, S. M., Kaeppler, H, F. and Rhee, Y. 2000. Epigenetic aspects of somaclonal variation in plants. Plant Molecular Biology, 43: 179–188.
81. Kamo, K., Chen, J.and Lawson, R. 1990. The establishment of cell suspension cultures of Gladiolus that regenerate plants. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol., 26: 425-43082. Kanakis, C.D., Daferera, D.J., Tarantilis, P.A. and Polissiou, M.G. 2004. Qualitative determination of volatile compounds and quantitative evaluation of safranal and 4-hydroxy-2,6,6thimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (HTCC) in Greek saffron. J Agri food Chem. 52: 15-21.
83. Kanbar, A. and Kondo, K. 2011. Efficiency of ISSR and RAPD Dominant Markers in Assessing Genetic Diversity among Japanese and Syrian Cultivars of Barley (H. Vulgare L.). Res. J. Agric. and Biol. Sci., 7(1): 4-10
84. Karamian, R. 2004. Plantlet Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis in Four Species of Crocus. Acta Hort. 650: 253-259.
85. Karimi, G., Hosseinzadeh, H., and Khaleghpanah P. 2001. Study of antidepressant effect of aqueous and ethanolic of Crocus sativus in mice. Iranian J. Basic. Med. Sci., v. 4: 11–15.
86. Kashtwari, M., Wani, A. A., Dhar, M. K., Jan, S., Kamili, A. N. 2018. Development of an efficient in vitro mutagenesis protocol for genetic improvement of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). 5 (24): 951- 962.
87. Khan, i. A., Dahot, M. U., Seema, N., bibi, S. and Khatri, A. 2004. genetic variability in plantlets derived from callus culture in sugarcane. Biologia plantarum. 48 (3): 375-380.
88. Khan, M.A., Nagoo, S., Naseer, S., Nehvi, F.A. and Zargar, S.M. 2011. Induced mutation as a tool for improving corm multiplication in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). J Phytol. 3:8–10.
89. Killiker, R., Herrmann, D. Boller, B. and Widmer, F. 2003. Swiss Mattenklee landraces, a distinct and diverse genetic resource of red clover (Trifoliumpratense L.). Theor. Appl. Genet, 107:306-315.
90. Kim, Y.J., Park, T., Kim, H.S., Park, H.K., Chon, S.U. and Yun, S.J. 2004. Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledon of soybean. Journal of Plant Biotechnology. 6. 45-50.
91. Korbin, M., Kuras, A. and Żurawicz, E. 2002. Fruit plant germplasm characterisation using molecular markers generated in RAPD and ISSR-PCR. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 785-794.
92. Kunakh, V. A. 2013. Evolution of cell populations in vitro: peculiarities, driving forces, mechanisms and consequences. Вiopolymers and Cell, 29(4), 295–310.
93. Lagram, Kh., Ben El Caid, M. Lachheb, M. and Abdelhamid, E. 2016. In vitro shoot regeneration and development of microcorm of Moroccan saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Atlas Journal of Plant Biology. ISSN 1949-1379.94. Larkin, P. J. and Scowcroft, W. R. 1981. Somaclonal variation – a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theor. Appl .Genet. 60: 197-214.
95. Lestari, E. G. 2006. In vitro selection and somaclonal variation for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Biodiversitas. 7: 297-301.
96. Leva, A. R., Petruccelli, R., Rinaldi, L. M. R. 2012. Somaclonal Variation in Tissue Culture: A Case Study with Olive. Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture10-17.
97. Liu, X. Guo, Z. and Liu, R .2002. Effects of culture conditions, carbon source and regulators on saffron callus growth and crocin accumulation in the callus. Tsinghua Science and Technology. 7: 448-453
98. Maidanyuk, D.M., Andreev, I. O., Spiridonova, K.V. and Kunakh, V. A. 2007. Genetic polymorphism of maize somaclonal lines derived from P346 line. Biopolymers and cell. 23(4). 324-331.
99. Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E. F. and Sambrook, J. 1982. Molecular cloning: Laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor/ NY.
100. Mantell, S. H and H. Smith. 1984. Cultural factors that influence secondary metabolite accumulation in plant cell and tissue cultures. In: Plant Biotechnology. (Eds.) Cambridge Uni. Press, Cambridge. 75-108.
101. Marinescu, M.V., Teodorescu, A. and Şuţan, N.A. 2013. Preliminary results on the in vitro propagation by leaf explants and axillary buds of Iris aphylla L. J. Hortic. For. Biotechnol. 17: 279–282.
102. Mathew, B. 1982. The Crocus: a revision of the genus Crocus, B. T. Batsford. Ltd., London.
103. Medraoui, L., Ater, M., Benlhabib O., Msikine, D. and Filali-Maltouf, A. 2007. Evaluation of genetic variability of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in north western Morocco by ISSR and RAPD markers. C R Biol.330(11):789-797.
104. Melnyk, J. P., Wang, S., and Marcone, M. F. 2010. Chemical and biological properties of the world's most expensive spice: Saffron. Food Res Int, 43(8): 1981-1989.
105. Memon, N.U.N., Qasim, M., Jaskani, M. J., Awan, F. S., Khan, A. I., Sadia, B. AND Hussain, Z. 2012. assessement of somaclonal variation in in vitro propagated cormels of gladiolus. Pak. J. Bot., 44(2): 769-776.
106. Mir, J. I., Ahmed, N., Khan, M. H., Mokhdomi, T. A., Wani, S. H., Bukhari, Sh., Amin, A., Qadri, R. A. 2015. Molecular Characterization of Saffron-Potential Candidates for Crop Improvement. Not Sci Biol. 7(1):81-89107. Mitchell, W. 2003. A novel surface sterilization method for reducing fungal and bacterial contamination of field grown medicinal explants intended for in vitro culture. Plant Medicine in Practice. St. Louis, Elsevier.1-8
108. Mohammad, A. S and Omar, M. S. 1990. Major Concepts in cultivation of cells, tissues and organs plant.
109. Mollafilabi, A., D. Kamran and A. D. Majid. 2021. Saffron yield and quality as influenced by different irrigation methods. Sci. Agric. v.78, n.1, e20190084.
110. Moraga, A.R., Lopez, R. C., Gomez L.G. and Ahrazem, O. 2009. Saffron is a monomorphic species as revealed by RAPD, ISSR and micro satellite analyses. BMC Research Notes, 2:189.
111. Mouterde, P. 1966- Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. 3 Tome + Atlas: DAR El Mashreq, Beyrouth, Liban. 563 p. (in French).
112. Mullis, K., Faloona, S., Scharf, R., Saiki, O., Horn, O., and Erlich, H. 1986. Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: Thepolymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51: 263-273.
113. Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant., 15: 473-497.
114. Newton, C. R. and Graham, A.1994. PCR,1st edition, Bios ScientificPublisher Ltd., UK.
115. Nwazoma, A.B. and Jaja, E.T. 2013. A review of somaclonal variation in plantain (Musa SPP.): Mechanisms and application. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 67:5252-5260.
116. Okba, M. M., Abdel Baki, P. M., Khaleel, A. E., El-Sherei, M. M., Salem, M.A. 2020 . Discrimination of common Iris species from Egypt based on their genetic and metabolic profiling. Phytochemical Analysis.1–11.
117. Parray, J.A., Kamili, A.N. and Hamid, R. 2012. In vitro cormlet production of saff ron (Crocus sativus L. Kashmirianus) and their flowering response under greenhouse. Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain. 3:4, 1-7.
118. Petropoulos, S., Fernandes, Â., Dias, M. I., Pereira, C., Calhelha R., Di Gioia F., Tzortzakis, N., Ivanov, M., Sokovic, M., Barros, L. and Ferreira, C.F.R. 2020. Wild and Cultivated Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds. Antioxidants. 9(314): 2-23.
119. Piqueras, A. Han, B.H., Escribano, J., Rubio, C., Hellin, E. and Fernández, J.A. 1999. Development of cormogenic nodules and microcorms by tissue culture, a new tool for the multiplication and genetic improvement of saffron. Agrono-mie. 19: 603-610.120. Plessner, O., Negbi, M., Ziv, M. and Basker, D. 1989. Effects of temperature on the flowering of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus L.): Induction of hysteranthy. Israel Journal of Botany, v. 38: 1-7.
121. Plessner, O., Ziv, M. and Negbi, M. 1990. In vitro corm production in the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus L.). Plant cell, Tissue and organ culture. 20: 89-94.
122. Purnhauser, L., Medgyesy, P., Czako, M., Dıx, P.J. and, Marton, L. 1987. Stimulation of shoot regeneration in Triticum aestivum and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Tissue cultures using the ethylene inhibitor Ag NO3. Plant Cell Reports. 6, 1-4.
123. Rani, V. and Raina, S. 2000. Genetic fidelity of organized meristem derived micropropagated plants: a critical reappraisal. In Vitro Cellular Developmental Biology Plant, 36: 319-330.
124. Rossignol, M., V. Santoni. W. Szponrski. and G. Vansuyts. 1990. Differential sensitivity to auxin at the plasma membrane level. 498- 503 in Nigkamp et al., (eds) 1990 (q. v.).
125. Sahai, O.P. and Shuler, L. 1984. Environmental parameters influencing phenolics production by batch cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 111–120.
126. Saiki, R.K., Scharf, S., Faloona, F., Mullis, K.B., Horn, G.T., Erlich, H.A., Arnheim, N. 1985. Enzymatic amplification of b-globulin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia. Science. 230: 1350-1354.
127. Shahi, T., Assadpour, E., and Jafari J.M. 2016. Main chemical compounds and pharmacological activities of stigmas and tepals of ‘red gold’; saffron. Trends Food Sci and Tech, 58: 69-78.
128. Sharafzadeh, Sh. 2012. In vitro callus induction in saffron leaves. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 0975-6299.
129. Sharifi, G., Ebrahimzadeh, H., Ghareyazie, B., Gharechahi, J. and Vatankhah, E. 2012. Identification of differentially accumulated proteins associated with embryogenic and nonembryogenic calli in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Proteome Sci. 10(3):1-27.
130. Sharma, K.D. and Piqueras, A. 2010. Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) tissue culture micro propagation and secondary metabolite production. Functional plant Science and Biotechnology. 4 (special issue 2): 15-24.131. Sharma, K.D., Rathour, R., Sharma, R., Goel, S., Sharma, T.R. and Singh, B.M. 2008. In vitro cormlet development in Crocus sativus. Biol. Plantarum, 52: 709-712.
132. Sheidai, M., Tabas, I. M., Mehrabian, M. R., Koohdar, F., Ghasemzadeh-Baraki, S. and Noormohammadi, Z. 2018. Acta Bot. Croat. 77 (1): 10–17.
133. Sheppard, W. S. and Smith D. R. 2000. Identification of African-derived bees in the Americas: A survey of methods. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 93:159-176.
134. Sik, L., Candan, F., Soya, S., Karamenderes, C., Kesercioglu, T. and Tanyolac, B. 2008. Genetic Variation Among Crocus L. Species from Western Turkey as Revealed by RAPD and ISSR Markers. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences. 2 (2): 73-78.
135. Silvarolla, M. B. 1992. Plant genomic alternations due to tissue culture. J. Brazil. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 44:329-335.
136. Singh, B.D., Kao, K.N. and Miller, R.A. 1975. Karyotypic changes and selection pressure in Haplopappusgracilis suspension cultures. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 17: 109-116.
137. Sivanesan, I., Son, M. S. and Buong, R. G. 2014. In vitro shoot regeneration and microcorm development in Crocus vernus L. Hill. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 46(2), 693-697.
138. Skirvin, R. M. and Janick, J. 1976. Tissue culture- induced variation in scented Pelargonium spp. J Am Soc Hort Sci. 101: 281-290.
139. Skooge, F. and C.O. Miller. 1957.Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. Symp. Soc. Exp.Biol.11:118-131.
140. Slabbert, M.M. and Niederwieser, J.G. 1993. In vitro bulbet production of Crinum macowanii. Plant Cell Reports. 33: 133-141.
141. Smith, F. D. M., May, R. M., Pellew, R., Johnson, T. H., and Walter, K. S. 1993. Estimating extinction rates. Nature. 364:494–496.
142. Smith, S.M. and Street, H.E. 1974. The decline of embryogenic potential as callus and suspension cultures of carrot (Daucuscarota L.) are serially subcultured. Annals of Botany, 38: 233-241.
143. Srivastava, R., Ahmad, H, Dixit, RK., Dharamaver, S., Saraf, SA. 2010. Crocus sativus L.: A comprehensive review. Pharmacogn Rev. 4:8-200.
144. Staikidou, L., Watson, S., Harvey, BMR., Selby, C. 2005. Narcissus bulbet formation in vitro: effect of carbohydrate type and osmolarity of the culture medium. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 80: 313-320.
145. Stale, H. and Lnze, D. 2001. When plant cells decide to divide. Trends in Plant Science. Vole16.Venkataramanو L. V. 1992. Methods for the analysis of the saffron metabolites crocin, crocetins, picrocrocin and safranal for the determination of the quality of spice using thin-layer chromatography, HPLC and GC. J. Chromatogr. 624(1-2): 497-502.
147. Sutter, E.G. 1986. Micropropagation of Ixia viridifolia and a Gladiolus x Homoglossum hybrid. Sci. Hotic. 29 181-189.
148. Taheri-Dehkardi, A., Naderi, R., Martinelli, F. and Salami, S. A. 2020. A robust workflow for indirect somatic embryogenesis and cormlet production in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its allies; C. caspius and C. spesiosus. Heliyon 6. e05841.
149. Tal, M. 1996. Somaclonal variation for salt tolerance in tomato and potato. In. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. (Eds.): Bajaj Y.P. S. somaclonal variation in crop improvement II. Springer – Verlag, Berlin, 132-145.
150. Tarantilis PA, Polissiou MG. 1997. Isolation and identification of the aroma components from saffron (Crocus sativus). J Agric Food Chem. 45: 459-462.
151. Teixeira da Silva, J.A. 2015. Negative results: negative perceptions limit their potential for increasing reproducibility. J. Negative Results BioMed. 14: 12.
152. Vahedi, M., Kalantari, s. and Salami, S. A. 2014. Factors Affecting Callus Induction and Organogenesis in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 24(1): 1‐9.
153. Van Staden, J., Zazimalova, E. and George, E. F. 2008. In: George, E F, Hall M A, De Klerk G J (Eds.). Plant propagation by tissue culture, 3rd Edition, Vol: 1. The Background. Springer. 205-226
154. Verma, S.K., Das, A.K., Cingoz, G.S., Uslu., E. and Gurela, E. 2016. Influence of nutrient media on callus induction, somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in selected Turkish Crocus species. Biotechnology reports.10: 66-74.
155. Visvanath, S., Ravishankar, G.A. and Venkataraman, L.V. 1990. Induction of crocin, crocetin, picrocin and sffranal synthesis in callus cultures of saffron, Crocus sativus L. Biotechnolgy and Applied Biochemistry. 12: 336–340.
156. Warburg, E.F., 1957. Crocuses. Endeavour, v. 16: 209-216.
157. Weising, K., Nybom, H., Wolff, K. and Meyer, W.1995. DNA fingerprinting in plants and fungi, CRC Press, Inc., London.
158. Xue, L., Zhing, G. and Ruizhi, L. 2002. Effects of Culture Conditions, Carbon Source and Regulators on Saffron Callus Growth and Crocin Accumulation in the Callus. Isinghua science and technology, 7:448 – 453.
159. Yang Yong, H. 1996. Differences on organogenesis of callus types in saffron. Journal of plant resources and environment. 5(3): 63-64.160. Yasmin, S., Nehvi, F.A. and Wani, S.W. 2013. Tissue culture as an alternative for commercial corm production in saffron: A heritage crop of Kashmir. African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(25): 3940-3946.
161. Yildirim, E. 2007. Development of in vitro micropropagation techniques for saffron (Crocus sativus L.), MSc. thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
162. Zeng, Y. Yan, F., Tang, L. and Chen, F. 2003. Increased crocin production and induction frequency of stigma-likestructure from floral organs of Crocus sativus by precursor feeding. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 72: 185–191.
163. Zeybek, E., Onde, S., and Kaya, S. 2012. Improved in vitro micro propagation method with adventitious corms and roots for endangered saffron. Cnt. Eur. Biol. 7(1): 138-145.
164. Zhang, Y., Shoyama, Y., Sugiura, M. and Saito, H., 1994. Effects of Crocus sativus L. on the ethanol-induced impairment of passive avoidance performances in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull.17: 217-221. 76.
165. Zhao, L., L. Liu and S. Song. 2010. Optimization of callus induction and plant regeneration from germinating seeds of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). African Journal of Biotechnology. 9(6).
166. Ziaratnia, S. M. and Amini, S. The effect of developmental stages of corm, type of medium and plant growth regulators in callus induction of Crocus sativus L. 2021. J. Hortic. Postharvest Res., 4(special issue). 43-56.
167. Zietkiewicz, E., Rafalski, A. and Labuda, D. 1994. Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat(SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics, 20: 176–183.