Morphological and Genetic study of berries (Morus nigra L.) in the southern region and the Effect of some Hormonal and mineral Treatments on the Sexual Expression (The Shabshalh phenomenon)

References 1- Abd-Allah, A.S.E. (2006). Effect of spraying some macro and micro nutrients on fruit set, yield and quality of Washington Navel orange trees. J. Applied Sci. Res., 2 (11): 1059 – 1063. 2- Ahmed, W., Tahir, F. M., Rajwana, I. A., Raza, S. A., & Asad, H. U. (2012). Comparative evaluation of plant growth regulators for preventing premature fruit drop and improving fruit quality parameters in ‘Dusehri’mango. International Journal of Fruit Science, 12(4): 372-389. 3- Al-Juboory, K. H. and W.S. Splittstosser. (1994). Effect of gibberellic acid and ethephon on sex expression and yield of Gynoecias cucumbes. The Iraqi J. of Agri. Sci. 25(1): 34-41. 4- Al Maksour, N. M. (2018). The Effect of foliar spray by Boron on yield and fruit quality of Var. Al Khekhaly olive tree. Journal of Hama University – vol .1-NO.6. 5- Almeida, J.E. de and T.C. Fonseca. (2002). Mulberry germplasm and cultivation in Brazil. In:M.D. Shnchez (ed.). Mulberry for animal production. Proceedings of an electronic conference carried out between May and August, 2000. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, No.147. FAO, Rome. 6- Amandeep Kaur., D. S. Khurana and R. K. Dhall. (2016). Sex modification in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under the influence of ethephon and maleic hydrazide. ISSN 2320-5407. 7- Ammiraju, J.S.S., B. B. Dholakia., D. K. Santra., H. Singh., M. D. Lagu and M.D. Tamhankar, et al. (2001). Identification of inter simple sequece repeat (ISSR) markers associated with seed size in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102: 726-732. 8- Azama, M., R. Qadria., A. Aslamb., M. I. Khanc., A. S. Khana., R. Anwara., M. A. Ghania., S. Ejazd., Z. Hussaine., M. A. Iqbalf and J. Chen. (2020). Effects of different combinations of N, P and K at different time interval on vegetative,reproductive, yield and quality traits of mango (Mangifera Indica. L) cv. Dusehri. 1/8Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 82, e235612. 9- Banerjee, R., S. Roychowdhuri., H. SAU., K. B. DAS., P. Ghosh, and B. Saratchandra. (2007). Genetic diversity and interrelationship among Mulberry phenotypes. Journal of genetic and genomics,34,8, 691-697. 10- Banerjee, R., S. Chattopadhyay., and A. K. Saha. )2016(. Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Mulberry Genotypes Revealed by RAPD and ISSR Markers. Pages 478-492, Published online: 21 Jun. 11- Baraket, G., Chatti, K., Saddoud, O., Mars, M., Marrakchi, M., Trifi, M. and Salhi Hannachi, A. (2009) . Genetic analysis of Tunisian fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Scientia Horticulturae 120:487–492. 12- Bornet, B., F. Goraguer, G. Joly and M. Branchard. (2002). Genetic diversity in European and Argentinian cultivated potatoes (Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) detected by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Genome 45: 481-484. 13- Bootprom, N., P. Songsri., N. Kong Pun and K. A. Sabrao. )2014(. Genetics diversity based on horticultural traits and total soluble solid content in mulberry (Morus alba) varieties. Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 46, 2, 231- 240. 14- Botton, M., I. Lorini., A. P. Afonso. (2005). Ocorrência de Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) danificando a cultura davideira no Rio Grande do Sul.Neotropical Entomology, v. 34, n. 2, p. 355-356. 15- Boubya, A., B. M. Salah., N. Marzougui., A. Ferchichi. )2009(. Pomological characterization of the Mulberry tree (Morus spp.) in the South of Tunisia. Journal of Arid land studies, 19, 1: 157-159.16- Chailakhyan M. Kh., and V.N. Khryanin. (1978). Effect of Growth Regulators and Role of Roots in Sex Expression in Spinach. Planta 142 (2): 207-210. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23373534. 17- Chandler, W.H. (1958). Deciduous orchards. Third edition. Lodon. 18- Choudhury, B., and N. Singh. (1970). Chemical sex modification and its effect on fruit of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) at three locations. Indian J. Hort. 27 (3/4): 180-183. 19- Cifuentes, C.A., & M. Ham-Kim. (1998). Cartilla de Sericultura. C.D.T.S., Colombia. p. 9-25. 20- Colic, S., V. Rankonjac., G. Zec., D. Nikolic., M.F. Aksic., and S. Colic. (2012). Morphological and biochemical evaluation of selected almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb] genotypes in northern Serbia Turkish J. Agric. For., 36 (4) (2012), pp. 429-438. 21- Datta, R.K. (2002). Mulberry cultivation and utilization in India. p. 45, in: M.D. Sanchez (ed.) Mulberry for animal production. Proceedings of an electronic conference carried out between May and August, 2000. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, No. 147. FAO, Rome. 22- DeWilde RC. (1971) . Practical applications of (2-chloromethyl) phosphonic acid in agricultural production. Hort Sci 6:364–370 23- Dixit, A., N. Rai., and V. Kumar. (2001). Study on the effect of plant growth regulators in watermelon (Citrullus janatus) cv. Sugar Baby. Indian J. Agr. Res., 35(1): 13-17. 24- Durand, R., and B. Durand. (1984). Sexual differentiation in higher plants. Physiologic Plant arum 60:267–274. 25- El-Gioushy, S.F., Z. Ding., A.M.E. Bahloul., M.S. Gawish., H.M. Abou El Ghit., A.M.R.A. Abdelaziz., H.S. El-Desouky., R. Sami., E. Khojah., T.A. Hashim, et al. (2021). Foliar Application of Nano, Chelated, and Conventional Iron FormsEnhanced Growth, Nutritional Status, Fruiting Aspects, and Fruit Quality of Washington Navel Orange Trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Plants, 10, 2577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants10122577. 26- Ertan, E. (2007). Variability in leaf and fruit morphology and in fruit composition of chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) in the Nazilli region of Turkey. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 54 (4) (2007), pp. 691-699. 27- Eun-Ju, P., K. Min-Uk., C. Myoung-Seob., S. Gyoo-Byung., and N. Si-Kab. (2020). Analysis of the Genetic Relationship among Mulberry (Morus spp.) Cultivars Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers. Korean Society of Sericultural Science. Volume 41 Issue 2 . Pages.56-62 28- FAO. (1990). Sericulture training manual. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, No. 80. Rome. 117 p. 29- Faruque, A., H. Anwar., A. Nasir Uddin., A. Md Jahangir., and I. Md. Shoriful. (2021). Genotypic Effects on Morphological Characterization of Fruit Traits in Mulberry. European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences.www.ejfood.org. DOI: Vol 3 | Issue 5. 30- Garcia-Gómez, B., H. Gonzalez-Alvarez., C. Martínez-Mora., J. Luis Cenis., M. del Carmen Pérez-Hernández., Y. Martínez-Zubiaur., P. Martínez-Gómez. (2019). The molecular characterization of an extended mulberry germplasm by SSR markers. - Genetika, Vol51, No.2, 389-403. 31- Gargiulo, A. (1968). Vitis 7: 294. 32- Guasmi, F., A. Ferchichi., K. Fares., and L. Touil. (2006). Identification and differentiation of Ficus carica L. cultivars using inter simple sequence repeat markers. African J. Biotechnology., 5(15): 1370-1374. 33- Gui, M. M., K. T. Lee., S. Bhatia. (2008). Feasibility of edib le vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock. Energy. 32:1646-1653.34- Hosseini, A.S., M. Akramian., A. Khadivi. and H. Salehi-Arjmand. (2018). Phenotypic and chemical variation of black mulberry (Morus nigra) genotypes. Industrial Crops and Products Volume 117, July 2018, Pages 260-271. 35- Imran, M., H. Khan., M. Shah., R. Khan. and F. Khan. )2010(. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of certain Morus species. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B: 973-980. 36- Jaccard, P. (1908). Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale. Bull. Coc. Vaud Sci Nat., 44: 223-270. 37- Jolly, M.S., S.B. Dandin., S. Rabindran. and R. Kumar. )1986(. Sexual polymorphism in genus Morus L. Proceeding of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science) 96 (4): 315–320 38- Kadri, A., S. Saleh., A. Elbitar., and A. Chehade. (2021). Genetic diversity assessment of ancient mulberry (Morus spp.) in Lebanon using morphological, chemical and molecular markers (SSR and ISSR). Advances in Horticultural Science, 35(3), 243-253. https://doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-8376. 39- Kalpana, D., SH. Choi., TK. Choi., K. Senthil., YS. Lee. (2012). Assessment of genetic diversity among varieties of mulberry using RAPD and ISSR fingerprinting. Sci Hortic 134, 79-87. 40- Karp, A., S. Kresovich., K. V. Bhat., W. G. Ayad., & T. Hodgkin. (1997). Molecular tools in plant genetic resources conservation. A guide to technologies. IPGRI Technical Bulletin, (2). 41- Katsumat, F. (1972). Relationship between the length of styles and the shape of idioplasts in mulberry leaves, with special reference to the classification of mulberry trees. J. Sericult Sci., 41: 387-395. 42- Ke, YZ., JX. Zhou., XD. Zhang., QX. Sun., L. Zuo. (2009). Effects of salt stress on photosynthetic characteristics of mulberry seedlings. Sci Silvae Sin 45:61–66 (in Chinese with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9623-5_5. 43- Keskin, S., Y. Akca., & S. Ercisli. (2022). Analysis of Genetic Relationships of Mulberry (Morus L.) Genotypes Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) Markers. Erwerbs-Obstbau 64, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00614- 44- Khadari, B., A. Oukabli., M. Ater., A. Mamouni., J. P. Roger., and F. Kjellberg. (2004). Molecular Characterization of Moroccan Fig Germplasm Using Intersimple Sequence Repeat Markers to Establish a Reference Collection. Hort Science 40(1):29-32. 45- Khatoon R., Moniruzzaman, M. (2019). Effect of foliar spray of GA3 and NAA on sex expression and yield of bitter gourd. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 44(2): 281-290. DOI: 10.3329/bjar. v44i2.41818. 46- Khryanin V. N. (2002). Role of phytohormones in sex differentiation in plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 49(4):545-551. 47- Koyuncu, F. (2004). Morphological and agronomical characterization of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.). Insutculer, Turkey. 48- Krishna, H., D. Singh., R. S. Singh., L. Kumar., B. D. Sharma., and P. L. Saroj. (2020). Morphological and antioxidant characteristics of mulberry (Morus spp.) genotypes. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. Volume 19, Issue 2, February, Pages 136-145 . 49- Kumar, A. )1997(. Feminization of androcious papaya leading to fruit set by ethrel and chlorflurenol. Acta Horticulturae, 463: 251-259. 50- Kumar A. (1983). Some aspects of physiology and biochemistry of sex expression in flowering plants. Ph.D. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (India).51- Lal, M. and Jaiwasl, V.S. (1988). Modification of flower sex and acid phosphatase activity by phthalimides in female plant of Morus nigra L. Plant Growth Regulation. 52- Lawyer, F. C., S. Stoffel., R. K. Saiki., S. Y. Chang., P. A. Landre., R. D. Abramson., D. H. Gelfand. (1993). High-level expression, purification, and enzymatic characterization of full-length Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase and a truncated form deficient in 5' to 3' exonuclease activity. PCR Methods and Applications ،2 (4): 275–287 ، 53- Lee, WC., AJ. Kim., SY. Kim. (2003). The study on the functional materials and effects of mulberry leaf. Food Sci Ind 36(3), 2-14 54- Li, Dadong., T, Dong., C, Zhang., G, Huang., G, Liu., and X, Xu. (2019). Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on floral development and sex differentiation in Morus alba L. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03060416. Vol. 76, num. 4, p. 112. 55- Lim, S.H., young-Taek, K. & Sang-Poong, L. (1990). In: Sericulture training manual. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, No. 80. FAO, Rome. 56- Malik CP., and S, Bhattacharya. (1979). Sex expression and sex differentiation in flowering plants. In: CP Malik, ed. Current Advances in Plant Reproduction Biology, Vol. I, pp 1–42. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. 57- Mangave, B. D., S. S. Dekhane., and D. J. Patel. (2016). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and sex expression of bitter gourd. Int. J. Dev. Res. 6 (4): 7310-7312. 58- Maniatis, T., E.F. Fritsch., and J.K. Sambrook. (1982). Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. 59- Megharaj K.C., P.S. Ajjappalavara., D.C. Revanappa., Manjunathagowda. and J.C. Bommesh . (2017). Sex Manipulation in Cucurbitaceous Vegetables. SSN: 2319-7706Volume 6 Number 9. pp. 1839-185160- Mir A.A. (2007). Effect of pruning and plant growth regulators on growth, flowering, fruiting and yield of Cucumber. Registration No. 27602/00749 A thesis- JUNE. 61- MirAli, N. and I. Nabulsi. (2003a). Genetic diversity of Syrian grown almond cultivars (Amygdalus communis L.) Using RAPD technique. Scientia Horticutura 98/4, 461-471. 62- MirAli, N. and I. Nabulsi. (2003b). Genetic diversity of Syrian pistachio cultivars (Pistachia vera L.) using RAPD technique. Advances in Hort. Science17/4, 215-222. 63- MirAli, N. and I. Nabulsi. (2004). Molecular characterization and genetic relatedness among olive cultivars using RAPD markers. Advances in Hort. Science. 18/4, 173-180. 64- MirAli, N.; N. Haider; I. Nabulsi; and M. Al-Oudat. (2007). Pyrus syriaca: An Ecological and Molecular study. Advances in Horticultural Sci. 21 (2) 89-95. 65- -Mullis, K., F. Faloona., S. Scharf., R. Saiki., G. Horn., H. Erlich. (1986). Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: The polymerase chain reaction. Cold spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 51. 263-273. 66- Murashige, T. and Skooge. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with Tobacco tissue culture. physiol plant. 15: 473-497. 67- Murray M.G and W.F. Thompson. (1980). Rapid isolation of high molecoler wight plant DNA. Nuclec Acid Res. 8:4321-4325. 68- Nagaraju, J., M. Kathirvel., R. Ramesh Kumar., E. A. Siddiq. and S. E. Hasnain. (2002). Genetic analysis of traditional and evolved Basmati and non-Basmati rice varieties by using fluorescence-based ISSR-PCR and SSR markers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 5836-5841. 69- Newton, C. R. (Clive R.)., Graham, A. (Alex). (1994). Polymerase chain reaction -- Methodology. Biochemical Society (Great Britain). Library Catalog70- Orhan E. and S. Ercisli. (2010). Genetic relationships between selected Turkish mulberry phenotypes (Morus spp) based on RAPD markers. Genetics and Molecular Research, 9(4):2176-2183. http://www.funpecrp.com. br/gmr/year2010/ vol9-4/ /pdf/ gmr958.pdf. 71- Orwa, C., A. Mutua., R. Kindt., R. Jamnadass., A. Simons. (2009). Agroforestry database, a tree reference and selection guide version 4 world agroforestry. 72- Ozgen M., M. Gunes., Y. Akea., N. Turemis., M. Ngin., G. Kizilei., U. Erdogan. and S. Serce. )2009(. Morphological characterization of Several Morus Species from Turkey. Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 50(1):1-5. 73- Peris, W. N., M. K. Gacheri., M.M. Ophillus. and N. Lucas. )2014(. Morphological characterization of Mulberry (Morus spp) accession grown in Kenya. Sustainable agriculture research, 3, 1, 1927- 0518. 74- Powell, W., M. Morgante., C. Andre., M. Hanafey., J. Vogel., S. Tingey., A. Rafalski. (1996). The comparison of RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR for germplasm analysis. Mol.Breed.2:225-238. 75- Raina, S. N., V. Rani., T. Kojima., Y. Ogihara., K. P. Singh and R. M. Devarumath. (2001). RAPD and ISSR fingerprints as useful genetic markers for analysis of genetic diversity, varietal identification, and phylogenetic relationships in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars and wild species. Genome 44, 763- 772. 76- Rao Ananda, A. )2002(. Conservation status of mulberry genetic resources in India. Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre. Central Silk Board, (Govt. of India), Ministry of Textiles. P.B.No-44, Thally Road. FAO, Rome. 77- Reddy, P. M., N. Sarla and E. A. Siddiq. (2002). Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism and its application in plant breeding. Euphytica. 128: 9-17.78- Rodriguez, J.M., T. Berke., L. Engle and J. Nienhuis. (1999). Variation among and within Capsicum species revealed by RAPD markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99: 147–156. 79- Roger J,P. (1998). Description of mulberry tree workshop pomological exhibition on "conservation and utilisation of minor fruit tree species in europe" Florence-Italy. www.unifi.it/ueresgen 29/ds15/htm. 80- Rohela, G. K., P, Shukla., Muttanna., R, Kumar and S, R, Chowdhury. (2020). Mulberry (Morus spp.): An ideal plant for sustainable development. Published by Elsevier. Volume 2, December 2020, 100011 81- Rohlf, F. J. (1995). NTSYS-PC Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system. Version 1.8 Exeter Software, Setauket, NY. 82- Russell, J. A. (1991). Culture and the categorization of emotions. Psychological Bulletin, 110(3), 426–450. 83- Saiki, R. K., S. Scharf., F. Faloona., K. B. Mullis., G. T. Horn., H. A. Erlich., N. Arnheim. (1985). Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science ،230 (4732): 1350–13540. 84- Sánchez, M.d. (2002). World distribution and utilization of mulberry and its potential for animal feeding. 1–9, In: M.D. Sánchez (ed.). Mulberry for Animal Production. Proceedings of an electronic conference carried out between May and August. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, No. 147. FAO, Rome. 85- Sarkar, T., T. Mogili., V. Sivaprasad. (2017). Improvement of abiotic stress adaptive traits in mulberry (Morus spp.): an update on biotechnological interventions. 3. Biotech 7:214–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0829-z86- Singhal, K. B., A. M. Khan., A. Dhar., M. F. Baqual and B. B. Bindroo. )2010(. Approaches to industrial exploitation of mulberry (Morus spp) fruits.18, 1, 83-99. 87- Smith, S. )1997(. Cultivar identification and varietal protection. In: Anolles, G. C. and Gresshoff, P. M (Eds). DNA marker protocols, applications, and overviews. Wiley-Liss, Inc. United States of America: 283-285. 88- Sponsel, V.M. (1995). Gibberellin biosynthesis and metabolism, In: Davies, P. J. (ed.). Plant Hormones, Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. p. 66– 97. 89- Srivastava, P. P., K. Vijayan., K. A. Awasthi and B. Saratchandra. )2004(. Genetic analysis of Morus alba through RAPD and ISSR markes. India journal of biotechnology, 3, 527- 532. 90- Statsoft, Inc. (2003). STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 6. www.statsoft.com. 91- Swietlik, Dariusz. (2002). Zinc Nutrition of Fruit Trees by Foliar Sprays. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Foliar Nutrition of Perennial Fruit Plants. Acta Horticulturae v.594. p.123-129. 92- Tautz, D. (1989). Hypervariability of simple sequences as a general source for polymorphic markers. Nucl. Acids Res. 17: 6463-6471. 93- Thumilan, MB and SB. Dandin. (2009). Genetic analysis of diploid and colchi-tetraploid mulberry (Morus indicaand Morus alba) by molecular and morphological markers. Internat J Plant Breed 3(1):58-64. 94- Tikader, A. K., K. Vijayan., M. K. Raghunath., S. P. Chakroborti., B. N. Roy and T. Pavankumar. (1995). Studies on sexual variation in mulberry (Morus spp.). Euphytica, Volume 84, Issue 2: 115–120. 95- Toma. C. Y. (1980). Microelements and productivity (in Russ) Kishinev96- Vijayan K., A.K. Awasthi., P.P. Srivastava., B. Saratchandra. )2004). Genetic analysis of Indian mulberry varieties through molecular markers. Seri-Biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Hereditas. 2004;141(1):8-14. 97- Vos, P., R. Hogers., M. Bleeker., M. Reijans., T. Van der Lee., M. Hornes., A. Frijters., J. Pot., J. Peleman., M, Kuiper and M. Zabeau. (1995). AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 4407-4414. 98- Weising, K., H. Nybom., K. Wolff and W. Meyer. (1995). DNA fingerprinting in plants and fungi, CRC Press, Inc., London. 99- Yilmaz, K.U., Y. Zengin., S. Ercisli., M.N. Demirtas., T. Kan., A.R. Nazli. (2012). Morphological diversity on fruit characteristics among some selected mulberry genotypes from Turkey. J. Animal Plant Sci., 22 (211) (2012), Article e214. 100- Zeng, Z., HH. Huan., G. Liu., J. Xiao., YY. Huang., X. Xu., TF. Dong. (2016). Effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on growth and leaf quality of Morus alba seedlings. Chin J Appl Ecol 27:2445–2451 (in Chinese with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-332.201608.022. 101- Zietkiewicz, E., A. Rafalski and D. Labuda. (1994). Genome fingerpriting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20, 176-183.