Serological and Molecular Study of Some Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Strains Isolated from Chickens in Syria
2022
Tamara Ahmad Al-jallad
Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease. It affects the respiratory, renal and genital systems of chickens and imposes a huge economic burden on poultry industry. It is a widespread and worldwide disease, caused by the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) which is a member of the Coronaviridae family. IBV contains numerous serotypes with incompleteness cross immunological protection. The failure of currently used vaccines to protect against diverse and spread IBV strains that are specific to a given region is a major problem for poultry industry. Thus, there is an urgent need to conduct studies aiming at detecting and isolating IB viruses, genotyping them and studying their relationship with vaccines used. A clinical, anatomical and serological study was conducted on 51 flocks of chickens in four Syrian governorates: Lattakia, Tartous, Hama and Homs. The results showed the emergence of anatomical characteristics and distinguishing signs of infectious bronchitis on 40 flocks of the studied ones. Inflammation of air sacs and lungs, tracheitis, presence of mucous and inflammatory fluids, fibrin deposition in bronchial branch, clear swelling and enlargement of the kidneys, clear deformation in the shape and size of eggs, regression in the tissue of ovary and oviduct were observed, in addition to ascites and fluid accumulation in the oviduct in certain strains. The results of the clinical and anatomical study were in agreement with those of the serological study (ELISA), confirming the presence of infectious bronchitis virus in 40 flocks out of 51 tested ones by 78% while 11 out of 51 flocks had antibody titer less than 834 and it was considered negative infection by 22%. As for the molecular study, Nested- RTPCR was applied on samples were collected from 97 flocks of commercial poultry prevailing in five Syrian governorates: Lattakia, Tartous, Hama, Homs and Damascus countryside. Tissue samples from trachea, kidney and oviduct were collected and these samples were used for RNA extraction that it is converted to cDNA using reverse transcription (RT) technique using IBV general primers + XCE2 + and - XCE2 (it should be noted that they are designed in the past and used during the past decades and many research in the countries of the region relied on it, including Syria). The resulted cDNA was multiplied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then the MCE1, BCE1 + and DCE1 + primers were used to amplify the specific nucleotide sequences of the Mass, 4/91 and D274 strains, respectively. The results indicated that there were 17 negative samples (17.5%), 29 flocks infected with strain 4/91 (29.8%), and 30 flocks infected with the Mass strain (30.9%), and it was noted that some flocks contained two infection types such as: Mass, 4/91 (13.4%), 4/91, D274 (2.06%) and unspecified types (6.08%). Ten isolates were isolated in SPF-egg embryos with three successive passes and showed their ability to cause characteristic IB lesions in chicken embryos. However, it did not show obvious anatomical lesions when experimental infection of these isolates was inflicted in local poultry. Some flocks showed positive for IB disease through the previously used primers, but the strain type was not detected because the previous primers only detect infection with three strains (H120, 4/91 and D274). Thus, a second molecular study was conducted using the sequencing technique. Tissue samples were collected from trachea, kidneys and oviducts from 48 flocks of commercial poultry and RNA was extracted, converted to cDNA using RT technique, and then the cDNA was multiplied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using SX1+ and SX2- primers. SX3, SX4 primers were used to amplify the sequences of the HVR-3 high hypervariable region of the S gene, specifically from under the S1 unit. The polymerase reaction showed that 38flocks were positive for IB out of 48 tested flocks by79.2%, as they showed 393 bp DNA bands. Nucleotide sequence analysis was applied on 28 positive samples (isolate), and then the nucleotide sequences of these isolates were alignment with each other on one hand and with reference and vaccine sequences from the Genebank using the Geneious v 4.8.4 program and NCBI website on the other. The results showed that 22 out of 28 isolates (79% of sequenced isolates) are closer to the strain of variant 2 IS / 1494/06 (EU780077.2) with identity percentage between 96.5% - 99.4%. Low nucleotide identity was observed between these isolates (22 isolates) with H120, Ma5, 4/91, QX and K2 vaccine strains. The results of the nucleotide sequence analysis also showed the presence of 4 out of 28 isolates (14%) that are closer to the 4/91 vaccine strain, with identity rates of 98.2 - 98.8%, and two isolates out of 28 isolates (7%) are closer to the vaccine strain Mass with an identity ratio of 98.8% - 98.5%. The nucleotide sequences of ten Syrian isolates were submitted to Genebank of NCBI database. The low identity rates between 79% of the studied Syrian IBV isolates and the vaccine strains used in immunization programs (Mass, 4/91), which ranged between 80.11% and 83.3%, could explain the failure of immunization programs based on these two vaccine strains to provide complete protection against IB infection, and the high rates of injuries and mortality within vaccinated flocks. The current study has showed for the first time the prevalence of Variant-2 in Syrian chickens flocks with signs of IB disease. Currently, there is no effective commercial vaccine that protects chickens from VAR-2 strain. Continuous monitoring measures must be taken to control and limit the outbreak of Variant-2. This research emphasizes the importance of epidemiological surveillance in intensive poultry farming for new pathogens and the use of local isolates as future vaccine targets.
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Bibliographic information
Publisher
Tishreen University Faculty of Agriculture Engineering
Other Subjects
العزل الفيروسي; تفاعل البلمرة; Nucleotide sequencing analysis; Variant-2; Infectious bronchitis; تفاعل النسخ العكسي; تحليل التتالي; Viral isolation; المتغير2; النكليوتيدي; Reverse transcription (rt); فيروس التهاب الشعب الهوائية المعدي
Language
Arabic
Note
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