Study the efficacy of some insecticides on tomato and their effect on biological enemies

References - Abbar, F., Hajjar, M.J. and Jamal, M . 2012 . Effect of some insecticides on Parasitoid, Aphelinus mali Hald (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of the woolly apple aphid Eriosoma Lanigerum Hausmann. IJBPAS, 1(4): 494-502 . - Abbott, W.S., 1925. A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18, 265–267. - Abu-Tara, R., Samara, F., Gamal, M., Shalaby, F., Assaf, S. and Rostom, G., 2008. Impact of some pesticides on pupae of the parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus (Mercet) and Encarsia formosa (Gahan) under laboratory conditions. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Cont. 18: 201-206. - Acheampong, S. and Stark, J.D., 2004. Can reduced rates of pymetrozine and natural enemies control the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera : Aphididae), on broccoli? Int. J. Pest Manage. 50, 275-279. - Agnello, A., Atanassov, A., Bergh, J.C., Biddinger, D.J., Gut, L.J., Haas, M.J., Harper, J.K., Hogmire, H.W., Hull, L.A., Kime, L.F., Krawczyk, G., McGhee, P.S., Nyrop, J.P., Reissig, W.H., Shearer, P.W., Straub, R.W., Villanueva, R.T. and Walgenbach, J.F., 2009. Reduced-risk pest management programs for eastern U.S. apple and peach orchards: a 4- year regional project. Am. Entomol. 55, 184- 197. - Agripest .2010. http://www.tuta absoluta.org. - Albrecht, C. P., and Sherman, M., 1987. Lethal and sublethal effect of avermectin B1 on three fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 80:344–47. - Al-Kherb, W. A., 2011. Field Efficacy of Some Neonicotinoid Insecticides Whitefly Bemicia tabasi (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) and its Natural Enemmies in cucumber and Tomato plants in Al-qassim Region- KSA. Journal of Entomology. 8: 429. - Al-Zyoud, F.A., 2007. Prey species preference of the predator Serangium parcesetosum Sicard(Col., Coccinellidae) and its interaction with another natural enemy. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 10: 2159–2165. - Alexander, A., Krishnamoorthy, S. V. and Kuttalam, S., 2013 . Toxicity of insecticides to the coccinellid predators, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Scymnus coccivora Ayyar of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink. Journal of Biological Control, 27 (1): 18–23.- Ali, M. Shams El-Din., Azab, M.M., Abd El-Zaher, T. R. and Ahmed, A. R., .2012. Persistence of Acetamiprid and Dinotefuran in Cucumber and Tomato Fruits. American-Eurasian Journal of Toxicological Sciences. 4 (2): 103-107. - Almasi, A. , Sabahi, Q. , Talebi, K. and Mardani, A., 2013 . Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of proteus, pymetrozine, deltamethrin, and pirimicarb on lady beetle Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Col.: Coccinellidae). Journal of Plant Protection Research Vol. 53, No. 2. - Amin, M.A., Hameed, A., Rizwan, M. and Akmal, M., 2014. Effect of Different Insecticides against Insect Pests and Predators Complex on Brassica napus L., Under Field Conditions. Int. J. Sci. Res. Environ. Sci. 2(9): 340-345. - Araya, M.H., Estay P. and Araya J.E., 2005. Toxicidad de imidacloprid, acetamiprid y abamectina sobre adultos de Encarsia formosa (Gahan). Bol Soc Entomologica Aragonesa. 37, 369-371. - Atanassov, A., Shearer, P.W. and Hamilton, G.C., 2003. Peach pest management programs impact beneficial fauna abundance and Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) egg parasitism and predation. Environ. Entomol. 32, 780-788. - Auad A.M., Toscano L.C., Boica, A.L. and De Freitas, S., 2001. Aspectos biologicos dos estadios imaturos de Chrysoperla externa Hagen e Ceraeochrysa cincta Schneider alimentados con ovos e nimfas de Bemisia tabaci Gennadius Biotipo B (Hemiptera:Aeyrodidae). Neotrop. Entomol. 30: 429-432. - Bacci, L., Pereira, E.J.G., Fernandes, F.L., Picanço, M.C., Crespo, A.L.B. and Campos, M.R., 2006. Seletividade fisiológica de inseticidas a vespas predadoras (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) de Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae). BioAssay, 1: 1-10. - Barbosa, P.R.R., Torres, J.B. Michaud, J.P. and Rodrigues, A.R.S., 2017. High concentrations of chlorantraniliprole reduce its compatibility with a key predator, Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) J. Econ. Entomol., 110, pp. 2039-2045. - Barros, E.M., Silva-Torres, C.S.A., Torres, J.B. and Rolim, G.G., 2018. Shortterm toxicity of insecticides residues to key predators and parasitoids for pest management in cotton Phytoparasitica, 46, pp. 391-404 - Bielza P., Insecticide resistance in natural enemies. A.R. Horowitz, I. Ishaaya . 2016. (Eds.), Advances in Insect Control and Resistance Management, Springer, Switzerland, pp. 313-329- Biondi, A., Desneux, N., Siscaro, G., Garzia, G.T., Amiens- Desneux, E. and Zappalà, L., 2012. Side effects of bioinsecticides used to control Tuta absoluta. IOBC-WPRS Bull 2012; 80: 211-216. - Blackman, R.L. and Eastop V.F., 2000. Aphids on the World's Crops: An Identification Guide, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience. - Bloem, S. and Mizell, R.F., 2004. Tomato IPM in Florida. Department of Entomology and Nematology Document ENY-706, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. - Borgemeister C., Poehling H.M., Dinter A., Höller C., 1993. Effects of insecticides on life story parameters of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi(Hym.: Aphidiidae). Entomophaga . 38(2), 245-255. - Botto, E.N., 2011. Reviewer‘s comments on New Pest Response Guidelines: Tuta absoluta from Dr. Eduardo Botto to Dr. Stephanie Bloem on January 3, 2011. - Bradley, S.J., Murrell, V.C., Shaw, P.W. and Walker, J.T.S., 1997. Effect of orchard pesticides on Aphelinus mali, the woolly apple aphid parasitoid. In: New Zealand Plant Protection Society Conference, 50., 1997, Lincoln. Proceedings. Lincoln: New Zealand Plant Protection Society,. p. 218-223. - Brown, R.A., 1989 Pesticides and non-target terrestrial invertebrates: an industrial approach P.E. Jepson (Ed.), Pesticides and Non-target Terrestrial Invertebrates, Wimborne, Intercept, pp. 19-42 - Brunner, J.F. , Dunley, J.E., Doerr, M.D. and Beers, A.H., 2001. "Effect of pesticides on Colpoclypeus florus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), parasitoids of leafrollers in Washington", J.Econ.Entomol., 94(5), 1075-1084. - Bugg, R.L., Colfer, R.G., Chaney, W.E., Smith, H.A. and Cannon, J., 2008. Flower flies (Syrphidae) and other biological control agents for aphids in vegetable crops. Oakland, CA: University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. - CABI/EPPO., 2006. Whitefy Bemisia Tabaci, Biology&life cycle. Wallingford, UK: CAB international. - Cabral, S., Soares, A. and Garcia, P., 2011. Voracity of Coccinella undecimpunctata: effects of insecticides when foraging in a prey/plant system. J. Pest Sci. 84:373–379.- Cabrera, P., Cornier, D. and Lucas, E. 2017. Differential sensitivity of an invasive and an indigenous ladybeetle to two reduced-risk insecticides J. Appl. Entomol., 141, pp. 690-701 - Carvalho, G.A., Parra, J.R.P. and Baptista, G.C., 2000. Seletividade de alguns produtos fitossanitários a duas linhagens de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Ciênc. Agrotec., 25, pp. 583-591 - Carvalho, G. A., Carvalho, C. F., Souza, B. and Ulhôa, J. R., 2002. Seletividade de inseticidas a Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Neotropical Entomology, Londrina, v. 31, n. 4, p. 615-621. - Carvalho, F.P., 2017. Pesticides, environment, and food safety Food Energy Sec., 6, pp. 48-60 - Casida, J.E. and Quistad, G.B., 1998. Golden age of insecticide research: past, present, or future. Annu Rev Entomol .43:1-16 - Castilhos, R. V., Grützmacher, A. D., Nava, D. E., Zotti, M. J. , Siqueira, P. R. B. , Spagnol, D. 2014. Seletividade de agrotóxicos utilizados em pessegueiro sobre ovos e pupas do predador Chrysoperla externa. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 44, n. 11, p. 1921-1928. - Cohen, H., Horowitz, A., Nestel, D., and Rosen, D., 1996. Susceptibility of the wooly apple parasitoid, Aphelinus mali (Hym.: Aphelinidae), to common pesticides used in apple orchards in Israel. Entomophaga .41:225-233. - Colares, F., Michaud, J.P., Bain, C. Torres, J.B., 2017. Relative toxicity of two aphicides to Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): implications for integrated management of sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) J. Econ. Entomol., 110, pp. 52-58 - Collins, J.A. and Drummond, F.A., 2004. Field-edge based management tactics for blueberry maggot in lowbush blueberry. Small Fruits Rev. 3(3/4), 283-293. - Consoli, F.L. , Parra, J.R.P. and Hassan, S.A., 1998. "Side-effects of insecticides used in tomato fields on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), a natural enemy of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)(Lep., Gelechiidae)", J.App. Entomol., 122(1), 43-47. - Coviello, R. L., 1997 . Economic Impact of the Leafminer Liriomyza Trifoli on Processing, California Tomato Research Institute #97-83, Final Project Report. - Cresswell, J.E., 2011. Ameta-analysis of experiments testing the effects of a neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) onhoneybees . Ecotoxicology .20, 149– 157. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/ s10646-010-0566-0.- Croft, B. A., 1990. Arthropod biological control agents and pesticides. John Wiley & Sons New York, 723. - Davoodi, M.G., Vijayanand, P.,Kulkarni, S.G. and Raman, K.V.R. (2007). Effect of different pretreatment and dehydration methods on quality characteristics and storage stability of tomato powder. Swiss Society of Food Science and Technology Vol. (40). Pp: 1832-1840. - Dammer, K.H. and Adamek, R., 2012. Sensor-based insecticide spraying to control cereal aphids and preserve lady beetles. Agron. J. 104, 1694-1701. - Degrande, P.E., Reis, P.R. and Carvalho, G.A. and Belarmino, L.C., 2002. Metodologia para avaliar o impacto de pesticidas sobre inimigos naturais, p.71-93. In: Parra, J.R.P., P.S.M. Botelho, B.S. Corrêa-Ferreira & J.M.S. Bento (Eds.). Controle biológico no Brasil. São Paulo, Manole, 609p. - Desneux, N., PhamDelegue, M. H. and Kaiser, L., 2004 . Effects sublethal and lethal doses of lambda-cyhalothrin on oviposition experience and host-searching of parasitic wasp Aphidus ervi. Pest Management Science. 60: 381-389. - Desneux, N., Wajnberg, E., Wyckhuysm, K.A.G., Burgio, G., Arpaia, S., Narváez-Vasquez, C.A., González-Cabrera, J., Ruescas, D.C., Tabone, E. and Frandon, J., 2010. Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control. J Pest Sci .83(3): 197-215. - Desneux, N., Luna, M. G., Guillemaud, T. and Urbaneja, A., 2011. The invasive South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta continues to spread in Afro-Eurasia and beyond the new threat to tomato world production. J Pest Sci .84: 403-408. - Easterbrook, M.A., 1997. A field assessment of the effects of insecticides on the beneficial fauna of strawberry. Crop Protection .16, 147-152. - EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) ., 2014. Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance pymetrozine. EFSA Journal.12(9):3817. - El-Heneidy, A. H., Khidr, A. A. and Taman, A. A., 2015. Side-effects of Insecticides on Non-target Organisms: 1- In Egyptian Cotton Fields. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Cont. 25 (3) (2015), p. 685-690. Proceeding of 4th International Conference, ESPCP 2015, Cairo, Egypt, 19-22 October 2015. - FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization)., 2006. Survey of Natural Enemies Associated with Major Insect Pests of Tomato crop in Greenhouse in the coastal areas of Syria3 Damascus. FAO. 65p. 21- Feeney K.3 S. Main3 C. Schuerch3 1995.A guide for controlling Santa Barbara‘s most common garden pests and diseases using the least-toxic methods3 Community Environmental Council . - Farrugia, C., 1995. The entomofauna associated with cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) cultivation in Gozo. B.Sc., dissertation, Department of Biology, University of Malta. vi + 119 pp. - Fernandes F.L., Bacci L. and Fernandes, M.S., 2010 .Impact and Selectivity of Insecticides to Predators and Parasitoids. EntomoBrasilis .3(1): 01-10 . - Fleischer, S. J., Blom, P.E and ., Weisz, R., 1999. Sampling in Precision IPM: When the objective is a map. Phytopathology 89, 1112-1118. - Flood, B., Foster, R., Hutchison, W.D. and Pataky, S., 2005. Sweet corn. In: Foster, R., Flood, B. (Eds.), Vegetable Insect Management. Meister Media Worldwide Press, Willoughby, Ohio, USA, pp. 38–63. - Flückiger, C.R., Kristinsson, H., Senn, R., Rindlisbacher, A., Buholzer, H. and Voss, G., 1992. CGA 215'944 - a novel agent to control aphids and whiteflies. Brighton Crop Prot Conf – Pests and Diseases, Vol 1, pp 43-50 - Fonseca, A.P.P., Marques, E.J., Torres, J.B., Silva, L.M. and Siqueira, H.A.A., 2015. Lethal and sublethal effects of lufenuron on sugarcane borer Diatraea flavipennella and its parasitoid Cotesia flavipes Ecotoxicology, 24, pp. 1396-1407 - Foster, S. and Blackshaw, R., 2012. Sustaining the effectiveness of new insecticides against of aphid pests in UK. Final report to HDC on project FV 344. - Foster, S.P., Paul, V. L., Slater, R., Warren, A., Denholm, I., Field, l.L.,and Williamson, M.S., 2014. A mutation ( L1014F)in Voltage-gated sodium channel of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae, is associated with resistance to pyrothroid insecticides. Pest Management Science. 70: 1249-1253. - Fytrou , N., Ilias , A., Sklivakis, J. and Tsagkarakou, A., 2017. Lethal and sublethal effects of selected insecticides on commercially available natural enemies of whiteflies. Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms IOBC-WPRS Bulletin Vol. 125, pp. 19-27. - Gaber, A. S., Abd-Ella, A. A., Abou-Elhagag, G. H. and Abdel-Rahman, Y. A., 2015 . Field efficiency and selectivity effects of selected insecticides on cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididea) and its predators. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management. 2(1): 22-35. - Gacemi, A. and Guenaoui, Y., 2012. Efficacy of Emamectin Benzoate on Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) infesting a protected tomato crop in Algeria. Academic Journal of Entomology, 5(1): 37-40.- Gallo, D., Nakano, O., Silveira-Neto, S., Carvalho, R.P.L., Baptista, G.C., Berti-Filho, E., Parra, J.R.P., Alves, S.B., Vendramin, J.D., Marchini, L.C., Lopes, J.R.S. and Omoto, C., 2002. Manual de Entomologia Agrícola. Piracicaba, Fealq, 649p. - Gerling, D., Alomar, O. and Arno, J., 2001. Biological control of Bemisia tabaci using predators and parasitoids. Crop Prot. 20: 779-799. - Ghoneim, K., 2014a . Parasitic insects and mites as potential biocontrol agents for a devastive pest of tomato, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the world: A Review . www.arpapress.com/ Volumes/Vol19Issue1/ IJRRAS_19_1_03.pdf . - Ghoneim, K., 2014b. Predatory insects and arachnids as potential biological control agents against the invasive tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in perspective and Prospective. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2 (2): 52-71. - Giolo, F., Medina, P., Grützmacher, P., and Viñuela, A. D., 2009. E. Effects of pesticides commonly used in peach orchards in Brazil on predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea under laboratory conditions. BioControl, Dordrecht, v. 54, n. 5, p. 625-635. - Giorgini, M. , Bernardo, U. and Pedata, P.A., 2012. "The parasitoid complex of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Italy", Atti Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia, LX, 77-84 (In Italian with English summary). - Godoy, M.S., Carvalho, G.A., Moraes, J.C., Goussain Júnior, M., Morais, A.A., Cosme, L.V. 2004. Seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura do citros para ovos e larvas de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Neotropical Entomology, Londrina v.33, n.5, p.639-646 . - Gontijo, P.C., Moscardini, V.F., Michaud, , J.P. and Carvalho, G.A., 2015. Non-target effects of two sunflower seed treatments on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Pest Manage. Sci., 71 , pp. 515-522 - Grieshop, M.J., Werling, B., Buehrer, K., Perrone, J., Isaacs, R. and Landis, D., 2012. Big brother is watching: studying insect predation in the age of digital surveillance. Am. Entomol. 58, 130-192. - Hagvar, E.B. and Hofsvang, T., 1991. Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae): biology, host selection, and use in biological control. Biocontrol News and Information, 12: 13-41.- Hapter, C. 2007. Insect Management. Integrated pest management of green peach aphid. Cornell University, USA. pp: 11-15. http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hp/2007 vegetableguide/ 2007 veg03.pdf - Harrewijn, P. and Kayser, H., 1997. Pymetrozine, a fast-acting and selective inhibitor of aphid feeding. In situ studieswith electronicmonitoring of feeding behaviour. Pestic Sci. 49:130–140. Hassan, S.A., et al., 1985. Standard methods to test the side-effects of pesticides on natural enemies of insects and mites developed by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group ‗Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms‘ EPPO Bull., 15, pp. 214-255 - Hassan, S.A., 1989. Testing methodology and the concept of the IOBC/WPRS working group, in: Jepson, P.C. (Ed.), Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates. Intercept Ltd., Wimborne, pp. 1-18. - Hassan, S.A., Van de Veire, M., 2004. Compatibility of pesticides with biological control agents, in: Heinz, K.M., Van Driesche, R.G., Parrella, M.P. (Eds.), Biocontrol in protected agriculture. Ball Publishing, Batavia, IL, pp. 129- 147. - Haseeb, M., Amano, H. and Nemoto, H. 2000. Pesticidal effects on mortality and parasitism rates of Diadegma semiclausum, a parasitoid of the diamondback moth BioControl, 45, pp. 165-178 - Hassall, K.A., 1982. The chemistry of pesticides, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Basel. - Hassell, K.A. 1990. The biochemistry and uses of pesticides. 2nd edition. MacMillan press, Lit., London. 536 pp. - Hayden, J.E. and Brambila, J., 2015. Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the Old World Bollworm. Pest Alert No. FDACS-02039. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Florida, USA. - Henderson, C.F. and Tilton, E.W., 1955. Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. Journal of Economic Entomology .48: 157-161. - Hill, B. D. and Johnson D. L., 1987. Persistence of deltamethrin and its isomers on pasture forage and litter. J. Agric. Food Chem. 35: 373-378. - Hoddle, M. S., Van driesche, R. G. S., Lyon, M. and Sandrson J. P., 2001. Compatibility of insect growth regulators with Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for whitlefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)control on poinsettias. Biological Control .20:122-131.- Hodek, I. and Honek, A.. 1996. Ecology of Coccinellidae . Dordrecht: Kluwer . 464 pp. - Hoffmann, A.A., Weeks, A.R., Nash, M.A., Mangano, G.P. and Umina, P.A., 2008. The changing status of invertebrate pests and the future of pest management in the Australian grains industry. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 48: 1481–1493. - Horowitz, A.R. and Ishaaya, I., 1996. Chemical control of Bemisia tabaci - management and application. In: Gerling D, Mayer RT (eds) Bemisia: 1995 Taxonomy, Biology, Damage, Control and Management. Intercept Ltd Andover, Hants, UK, pp. 537–556 - Horowitz, A.R., Mendelson, Z., Weintraub, P.G. Ishaaya, I., 1998. Comparative toxicity of foliar and systemic applications of two chloronicotinyl insecticides, acetamiprid and imidacloprid, against the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Bull Entomol Res . 88:437–442 - Horton, D.R., Miliczky, E.R., Jones, V.P., Baker, C.C. and Unruh, T.R., 2012. Diversity and phenology of the generalist predator community in apple orchards of Central Washington State (Insecta, Aranae). Can. Entomol. 144, 691-710. - Hoy, M.A., 1994. Parasitoids and predators in management of arthropod pests, in: Metcalf, R.L., Luckmann, W.H. (Eds.), Introduction to insect pest management. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 129-198. - Hull, L.A., Hickey, K.D. and Kanour, W.W., 1983. Pesticide usage patterns and associated pest damage in commercial apple orchards of Pennsylvania. J. Econ. Entomol. 76, 577-583. - Huerta, A., Medina, P., Smagghe, G., Castanera, P. and Vinuela, E., 2003. Topical toxicity of two acetonic fractions of Trichilia havanensis Jacq. and four insecticides to larvae and adults of Chrysoperla carnea(Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci68:277–286 . - Iannacone, O.J.A. and Lamas, G. 2003. "Toxicological effects of neem, rotenone and cartap over three microwasps parasitoid of agricultural pests in Peru", Bol.San.Veg.Plagas, 29, 123-142. - IRAC., 2009. Tuta absoluta on the move. IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) newsletter, eConnection (20). Accessed January 4, 2010. http://www.irac-online.org/ documents/ eConnection_issue20a.pdf - Irshaid, L. A. and Hasan, H. S. 2011 . Bioresidual Effect of Two Insecticides on Melon Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its Parasitoid Aphidius colemani Verick (Hymenoptera: Brachonidae). American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 11 (2): 228-236.- Jandricic, S.E., Wraight, S.P., Gillespie, D.R. and Sanderson, J.P., 2013 Oviposition behavior of the biological control agent Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in environments with multiple pest aphid species(Hemiptera: Aphididae). Biol. Control, 65, 234–245. [CrossRef] - Jones, W. Z., Wolfenbarger, D. A. and Kirk, A. A. 1995. Response of adult parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hom: Aleyrodidae) to leaf residues of selectes cotton insecticides. Entomophaga, 40:153-162. - Jones, W. A., Ciomperlik, M. A. and Wolfenbarger, D. A . 1998. Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on two parasitoids attacking Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), Biological Control,11( 1) : 701-706 . - Johnson, M.W. and Tabashnik, B.E., 1999. Enhanced biological control through pesticide selectivity. in: Bellows, T.S., Fisher, T.W (Eds.), Handbook of Biological Control- Principles and Applications of Biological Control. Academic Press Inc., California, USA, pp. 297-317. - Kayser, H., Kaufmann, L. and Schürmann, F., 1994. Pymetrozine (CGA 215'944): a novel compound for aphid and whitefly control. An overview of its mode of action. Proc 1994 Brighton Crop Prot Conf – Pests and diseases, vol 2, pp 737-742 - Khan, M., Bauer, R. and Murray, D., 2002. Enhancing the efficacy of chemical insecticides by mixing with table salt – a soft approach to manage stinkbugs in cotton. In: 2002 Austalian Cotton Conf., 13–15. - Khan, M. A.,. Saljoqi, A. U. R and Hussain, N., 2011. Response of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on susceptible and resistant potato varieties. Sarhad J. Agric .27(2): 263-270. - Kheradmand, K., Khosravian, M., and Shahrokhi, S., 2012 . Side effect of four insecticides on demographic statistics of aphid parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hym., Braconidae). Annals of Biological Research, 2012, 3 (7):3340- 3345. - Kollman, W. and Segawa, R., 1995. Interim report of the pesticide chemistry database. Environmental Hazards Assessment Program. EH95-04. State of California, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management Branch, Sacramento - Koss, A.M., Jensen, A.S. Schreiber, A. Pike, K.S. and Snyder, W.E., 2005. Comparison of predator and pest communities in Washington potato fields treated with broad-spectrum, selective, or organic insecticides. Environ. Entomol. 34(1): 87-95.- Kuhr, R.J. and Dorough, H.W., 1976. Carbamate insecticides: chemistry, biochemistry and toxicology. CRC Press, Boca Raton - Landis, D.A., Gardiner, M.M., van der Werf, W. and Swinton, S.M., 2008. Increasing corn for biofuel production reduces biocontrol services in agricultural landscapes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 20552-20557. - Lang, W. H. and Bronson, L. 1981 ―Insect Pests of Tomatoes,‖ Ann. Rev. Entomol., Vol. 26, pp. 345-71. - Langhof, M., Gathmannb, A., Poehling H.M. and Meyhöfer, R., 2003. Impact of insecticide drift on aphids and their parasitoids: residual toxicity, persistence and recolonisation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 94(3): 265-274. - Leskey, T.C., Piñero, J.C. and Prokopy, R.J., 2008. Odor-baited trap trees: A novel management tool for plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101, 1302-1309. - Lietti, M. M. M., Botto, E. and Alzogaray, R. A. 2005. Insecticide Resistance in Argentine Populations of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Neotropical Entomology 34(1):113-119. - Liguori, R., Cestari, P., Serrati, L. and Fusarini, L., 2008. Emamectina benzoato (AFFIRM®): innovativo insetticida par la difesa contro I lepidopteri fitofagi. Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche 2008, 23-28. [In Italian]. - López, J.A., Amor, F., Bengochea, P., Medina, P., Budia, F. and Viñuela, E. 2011. Short communication. Toxicity of emamectin benzoate to adults of Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae), Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) (Heteroptera: Miridae) and Diglyphus isaea Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on tomato plants. Semi-field studies. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 9: 617–622. - Losey, J.E. and Vaughan, M., 2006. The economic value of ecological services provided by insects. BioScience .56, 311-323. - Lynch, J.A. and Johnson, M.W., 1987. Stratified sampling of Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and associated hymenopterous parasites on watermelon. J. Econ. Entomol. 80, 1254-1261. - Madbouni, M.A.Z., Samih, M.A., Qureshi, J.A., Biondi, A. and Namvar, P. 2017. Compatibility of insecticides and fungicides with the zoophytophagous mirid predator Nesidiocoris tenuis. PLoS ONE, 12(11), e0187439. - Maise, S., Candolfi, M.P., Neumann, C. Vickus, P. and Mader, P., 1997. A species comparative study: Sensitivity of Aphidius rhopalosiphi, A. matricariae and A. colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to Dimethoate 40EC under worstcase laboratory conditions, in P.T. Haskell and P.K. McEwen (eds.), New studies in Ecotoxicology, The Welsh Pest Management Forum, Cardiff, pp. 45–49. - Marcano, R. and Gonzalez, E., 1993. Evaluation of the insecticides for the control of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in tomato. Bol. Entomol. Venez. 8: 123–132. - Martinou, A.F., Seraphides, N. and Stavrinides, M.C., 2014. Lethal and behavioral effects of pesticides on the insect predator Macrolophus pygmaeus. Chemosphere. 96 : 167–173. www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere. - Martinou, A.F. and Stavrinides, M.C., 2015. Effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticides on the functional response of two mirid generalista predators PLoS One, 10, Article e0144413 - Mau, R.F.L. and Kessing, J.L.M., 1991. Green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Department of Entomology, Honolulu, Hawaii. Crop Knowledge Master.com - Medina, P. , Manzanares, G. Izarra, R. Adán, A. Smagghe, G. and Viñuela, E. 2012. "Influence of insecticide persistence on the survival of the two braconid parasitoids Chelonus inanitus and Aphidius ervi", IOBC-WPRS Bull., 80, 217-222. - Mizell, F. and Schiffhauer, E., 1990. Effects of pesticides on pecan aphid predators Chrysoperla rufilabris(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Hippodamia convergens, Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Aphelinus perpallidus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83(5): 1806-1812. - Mizell. R.F. and Sconyers, M.C., 1992. Toxicity of imidacloprid to selected arthropod predators in the laboratory. Florida Entomol, 75:277-280. - Mohammad R.A., Afzal, M., Anwar, S.A. and Bashir, M.H., 2008. Comparative Efficacy of Insecticides against Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton. Pak. j. life soc. sci. 6: 140-42. - Mollá, Ó., Montón, H., Vanaclocha, P., Beitia, F. and Urbaneja, A., 2009 Predation by the mirids Nesidiocoris tenuis and Macrolophus pygmaeus on the tomato borer Tuta absoluta Proceedings of the IOBC/WPRS Working Group. "Integrated Control in Protected Crops" Crete Greece 6-11 September 2009 IOBC/WPRS Bull 49: 209-214. - Monobrullah, M., Bharti, P., Shankar, U. and Gupta, R.K., 2007. Trap catches and seasonal incidence of Spodoptera litura on cauliflower and tomato. Plant Protection Science. 15, 73–76. - Moschetti, R., 2003. Biological control using beneficial insects. Biol. Cont. Bul. IPM of Alaska. www.ipmofalska.com. rocco@ipmofalaska.com- Moura, A. P., Carvalho, G. A., Cosme, L. V., Alves, E., Botton, M., Silva, P. S. 2011.Toxicological and ultrastructural analysis of the impact of pesticides used in temperate fruit crops on Chrysoperla externa. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, Curitiba, v. 55, n. 3, p. 411-418. - Nakahira, K., Kashitani, R., Tomoda, M., Kodama, R., Ito, K., Yamanaka, S., Momoshita M. and Arakawa, R., 2011 . Systemic Nicotinoid Toxicity against the Predatory Mirid Pilophorus typicus: Residual Side Effect and Evidence for Plant Sucking. J. Fac. Agr., Kyushu Univ., 56 (1), 53–55. - Nannini, M., Atzori, F., Murgia, G., Pisci, R. and Sanna, F., 2012. Use of predatory mirids for control of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Sardinian greenhouse tomatoes. EPPO Bull 2012; 42(2): 255-259. - Natwick, E.T., Stoddard, C.S., Zalom, F.G., Trumble, J.T., Miyao, G. and Stapleton, J.J., 2014. Insects and Mites in IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Tomato. Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California Publication No. 3470. University of California, Davis, California, USA. - Nauen, R., Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, U., Salgado, V.L. and Kaussmann, M., 2003. Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid precursor converted to clothianidin in insects and plants. Pest. Biochem. Physiol., 76: 55-69. - Norman, J. W. and Sparks A. N., 2003. Managing Cotton Insects in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Texas Agricultural Extension Service. TX A&M University System. - Öztemiz, S., 2012. The tomato leafminer [(Tuta absoluta Meyrick(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] and it‘s biological control. KSU J Nat Sci 2012; 15(4): 47-57. (In Turkish with English summary). - Palumbo, J. C. Horowitz, A. R. and Prabhaker, N., 2001. ―Insecticidal Control and Resistance Management for Bemisia tabaci‖ Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Crop Protection, Vol. 20, pp. 739-765. - Pearce, S., Zalucki, M.P., 2006. Do predators aggregate in response to pest density in agroecosystems? Assessing within-field spatial patterns. J. Appl. Ecol. 43, 128-140. - Pedigo, L.P., 2002. Entomology and Pest Management, fourth ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. - Pernezny, K., Schuster, D., Stansly, P., Simone, G., Waddill, V., Funderburk, J., Johnson, F., Lentini, R. and Castner, J., 1996. Florida Tomato Scouting Guide with Insect and Disease Identification Keys. Univ. of Florida, IFAS, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, SP-22.- Psaroudaki, S., 2013. Impact of agrochemicals on the predatory arthropods Iphiseius degenerans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera: Miridae). PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Athens. - Rahman, T., and Broughton, S., 2016. Suppressing Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) with an attract-and-kill device in pome and stone fruit orchards in Western Australia Crop Prot., 80, pp. 108-117 - Riley, D.G., and Pappu, H.R., 2004 ―Tactics for Management of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Tomato,‖ Journal of Economic Entomology, 97 (5): 1648-1658. - Riley, D.G., 2006. Beet armyworm threshold development in tomato. Agricultural Profitability and Sustainability. College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. http://www.caes.uga.edu/ Applications/ ImpactStatements/index. cfm? referenceInterface= IMPACT_STATEMENT& subInterface=detail_main& PK_ID=462. - Rimoldi, F., Schneider, M.I. and Ronco, A.E., 2008. Susceptibility of Chrysoperla externa eggs (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to conventional and biorational insecticides. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 37 (5):1252–1257. - Robredo Junco, F., and Cardeoso Herrero, J. M., 2008. Strategies for control of the tomato moth, Tuta absoluta, Meyrick. / Estrategias contra la polilla del tomate, Tuta absoluta, Meyrick. Agricultura, Revista Agropecuaria 77:70-74. - Ruberson, J.R., Nemoto, H., Hirose, Y., 1998. Pesticides and conservation of natural enemies in pest management, in: Barbosa, P. (Ed.), Conservation Biological Control. Academic Press, California, USA, pp. 207-220. - Saad, A.S.A., Massoud M. A., Abdel-Megeed A.A.M. and Mourad A. K. K., 2007 . An approach for IPM program to control sucking pests infesting garden bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Egypt. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5454225. - Sabahi, Q., Rasekh, A. and Michaud, J., 2011. Toxicity of three insecticides to Lysiphlebus fabarum, a parasitoid of th black bean aphid, Aphis fabae. J. Insect Sci., 11, 1-8. - Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Shaheen, I., Ghafoor, A., Nazar, S. and Mehmood, A., 2017. Toxicity of different insecticides against Nesidiocoris tenuis on sesame crop under laboratory conditions. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies; 5(2): 108-111. - Sanchez, J.A., 2008. Zoophytophagy in the plantbug Nesidiocoris tenuis. — Agric. Forest Entomol. 10: 75–80.- Sarwar, M., 2013 . Studies on Incidence of Insect Pests(Aphids) and Their Natural Enemies in Canola Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae) Crop Ecosystem. International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences. 1 (5), 78- 84. - Seagraves, M.P. and Lundgren, J.G., 2012. Effects of neonicitinoid seed treatments on soybean aphid and its natural enemies. J Pest Sci. 85:125–132 - Sechser, B., Reber, B. and Bourgeois, F., 2002. Pymetrozine: Selectivity spectrum to beneficial arthropods and fitness for integrated pest management. Journal of Pest Science - Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde 75(3): 72-77. - Stanley, J. and Preetha, G. , 2016. Pesticide toxicity to arthropod predators : exposure , toxicity and risk assessment methodologies J. Stanley, G. Preetha (Eds.), Pesticide Toxicity to Non-target Organisms: Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment Methodologies, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 1-98 - Stark, J.D., and Banks, J.E., 2003. Population-level effects of pesticides and other toxicants on arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48, 505-519. - Stark, J.D., Banks, J.E. and Acheampong, S., 2004. Estimating susceptibility of biological control agents to pesticides: influence of life history strategies and population structure. Biol. Control 29, 392-398. - Starý, P., 1970. Biology of Aphid parasites (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) with Respect to Integrated Control. Ser. Entomologica, Vol. 6., Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. - Sterk, G., Hassan, S.A., Baillod, M., Bakker, F., Bigler, F., Blumel, S., Bogenschutz, H., Boller, E., Bromand, J., Brun, J., Calis, J,N.M., Coremans - Pelseneer, J., Duso, C., Garrido, A., Grove, A., Heimbach, U., Hokkanen, H., Jacas, J., Lewis, G.B., Moreth, L., Polgar, L., Rovesti, L., Samsoe-Petersen, L., Sauphanor, B., Schaub, L., Staubli, A., Tuset, J.J., Vainio, A., Van de Veire, M., Viggiani, G., Vinuela, E., and Vogt H. 1999. Results of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group ‗Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms‘. BioControl .44:99_/117. - Studebaker, G.E., and Kring, T.J., 2003. Effects of insecticides on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) measured by field, greenhouse and Petri dish bioassays. Florida Entomologist .86:178_/185. - Syed, A. N., Ashfaq, M. and Khan, S., 2000. Comparsion development and predation of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on different densities of tow hosts ( Bemisia tabacci , Amrasca devastans). Pakistan Entomological Society. 41: 445-451.- Tang, S., Tang, G. and Cheke, R.A., 2010. Optimum timing for integrated pest management: modeling rates of pesticide application and natural enemy releases. J. Theor. Biol. 264, 623-638. - Tabashnik, B.E., Croft, B.A., 1982. Managing pesticide resistance in croparthropod complexes: interactions between biological and operational factors. Environ. Entomol. 11, 1137- 1144. - Tedeschi, R., Tirry, L., Van De Veire, M. and De Clercq, P., 2002. Toxicity of different pesticides to the predatory bug Macrolophus caliginosus under laboratory conditions. IOBC/wprs Bull 25(11), 71-80. - Thies, C. and Tscharntke, T., 1999. Landscape structure and biological control of agroecosystems. Science 285, 893-895. - Thornham, D.G., Stamp, C., Walters, K.F.A., Mathers, J.J., Wakefield, M., Blackwell, A. and Evans, K.A., 2007. Feeding responses of adult seven-spotted ladybirds, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae) to insecticide contaminated prey in laboratory arenas. Biocontrol Sci. Techn. 17(10): 983–994. - Tillman, P.G., and Mullinix, B.G., Jr, 2004. Comparison of susceptibility of pest Euschistus servus and predator Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) to selected insecticides. J Econ Entomol 97:800–806. - Tomizawa, M. and Yamamoto I., 1992. Binding of nicotinoids and the related compounds to the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J. Pest. Sci. 17:231. - Tomizawa, M. and Casida, J.E., 2005. Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: Mechanisms of selective action. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 45: 247-268. - Torres, J. B., Silva-Torres, C. S. A. and Oliveira. J. V., 2003. Toxicity of pymetrozine and thiamethoxam to Aphelinus gossypii and Delphastus pusillus. Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v. 38, n. 4, p. 459-466. - Turnock, W. and Timlick, B., 1991. Coccinella septempunctata in Manitoba - 1990. Biocontrol News 4, 39-43. - Tzeng C. and Kao S., 1999. Toxicity of some insecticides to Eretmocerus orientalis adults a parasitoid of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii). Plant Protection Bulletin Taipei .41(1), 83-86 - van de Veire, M., 1995. Integrated Pest Management in Glasshouse Tomatoes, Sweet Peppers and Cucumbers in Belgium, PhD Thesis, University of Gent. - van Lenteren, J.C. and Martin, N.A., 1999. Biological control of whiteflies. In Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops, ed. R Albajes,ML Gullino, JC van Lenteren, Y Elad, pp. 202–216. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer. - Van Timmeren, S., Wise, J.C., and Isaacs, R., 2012. Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards. Pest Manage. Sci. 68, 537-542. - Vargas, H., 1970. Observaciones sobre la biologia enemigos naturales de las polilla del tomate, Gnorimoschema absoluta (Meyrick). Depto. Agricultura, Universidad del Norte-Arica 1:75-110. - Vasicek, A.L., 1983. "Natural enemies of Scrobipalpula absoluta Meyr. (Lep.- Gelechidae)", Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, 59(1/2), 199-200. - Walker, M.K., Stufkens, M.A.W. and Wallace, A.R., 2007. Indirect non-target effects of insecticides on Tasmanian brown lacewing (Micromus tasmaniae) from feeding on lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri). J. Biol. Cont. 43(1): 31-40. - Wanumen, A.C., Sánchez-Ramos, I., Viñuela, E., Medina, P. and Adán Á. 2016. Impact of feeding on contaminated prey on the life parameters of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera: Miridae) adults. Journal of Insect Science. 16(1) pp: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iew084 - Ware, G. W., 1991. Fundamentals of pesticides. 3nd edition. Thompson Publications. Fresno, California. 307 pp. - Weires, R.W., Leeper, J.R., Reissig, W.H. and Lienk, S.E., 1982. Toxicity of several insecticides to the spotted tentiform leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its parasite, Apanteles ornigis. J. Econ. Entomol. 75, 680-684. - Wiethoff, R., Meyhofer, H.M. and Poehling, H.M., 2002. Use of combinations of natural enemies for biological control of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hom.: Aphididae) on sweet pepper in greenhouses. Gesunde Pflanzen. 54 (3-4): 126- 137. - Wiles, J.A. and Jepson, P.C., 1995. Dosage reduction to improve the selectivity of deltamethrin between aphids and coccinellids in cereals. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 76:83–96. - Winder, L., Alexander, C.J., Holland, J.M., Woolley, C. and Perry, J.N., 2001. Modelling the dynamic spatio-temporal response of predators to transient prey patches in the field. Ecology Letters 4, 568-576. - Winter, S., 2004. ―Whitefly-transmitted Viruses of the World‖. 2nd European Whitefly Symposium Cavtat – Croatia, 5-9 Oct.Wyman, J., 2005. Pest management in future. A strategic plan for the Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, and North Dakota potato industry. Fargo, North Dakota. Dept. of Entomol. Madison, WI, USA. - Youn, Y.N., Seo, M.J., Shin, J.G., Jang, C. and Yu, Y.M., 2003. Toxicity of greenhouse pesticides to multicolored Asian lady beetles, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biol Control. 28(2): 164–170. - Zchori-Fein, E., Roush, R.T. and Sanderson, J.P., 1994. Potential for integration of biological and chemical control of greenhouse whitefly using Encarsia formosa and abamectin. Environmental Entomology23(5), 1277–1282. - Zhang, S.Z., Zhang, F. and Hua, B.Z., 2007b. Suitability of various prey types for the development of Propylea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 104:149–152.