Stimulation spawning of Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella by carp pituitary extract combined with Domperidone.

References AbdEllatif,A.M and Akar,A.M. 2013. Spawning induction in silver carp (Hypothalamichthys molitrix) using carp pituitary extract (CPE) alone, Receptal (Buserelin acetate) and Cystorelin (GnRh) with or without Dopamine antagonists. The Global journal of Fisheries and Aqua.Res. Vol.6, No.6:77-88. AH,S and Khairnar,S.O. 2018. Breeding and spawning of fishes: Role of endocrine gland. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 6 (4), 472-478. Akar,A.M. 2008. Ovulation induction in African catfish using carp and catfish pituitary extract and ovaprim. Abbassa, Int. J. Aqua., (1A): 79-92. Al-Seyab,A.A.A. 1996. Evaluation of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Val. 1844 efficiency for aquatic plants weeds control in drainage systems. Ph. D. Thesis, Basrah University, Agriculture College, 89 p. Al-Dubakel,A.Y; Jabir,A.A. and Al-Hamadany,Q.H. 2011. Growth performance and implication of a thermal-unit growth coefficient of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix larvae reared in recirculation system. J. King Abdulaziz Univ, Mar, Sci, 22 (2): 33-43. Al-Dubakel,A.Y; Taher,M.M and Abdullah,J.N. 2020. Partial replacement of fish meal with Azolla filiculoides meal in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella feed. Biological and Applied Environmental Research, 4(2): 167-176. Alikunhi,K.H and Parameswaran,S. 1963. Induced spawning of Chinese carps Ctenopharyngodon idella (C. & V.) and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (C. & V.1 in ponds at Cuttack India. Proc.Indo.Pac. Fish. Counc, 10(2): 181-204. Amer,M.A; Akar,A.M; Saleh,O.A and Eissa,A.E. 2009. A comparative study on two spawning induction agents, ovaprim and carp pituitary extract in common carp(Cyprinus carpio). The Egyptian Soc. For Anim. Reprod. and Fert., 21st Annual congress, Congress Cario/Hurgada, 7-11 February 2009, 139-154. Anon. 1970. Manual on the biotechnology of the propagation and rearing of phytophagous fishes. Moscow, Fishery Ministry of the USSR, All Union Scientific Research Institute of Pond Fishery,49p. Anon. 1980. Pond Fish Culture in China. A compilation of lecture notes for the training course on freshwater fish culture by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Aquaculture. 74: 63-73. Arabaci,M; Cagirgan,H and Sar,M. 2004. Induction of spawning in ornamental common carp (Koi, Cyprinus carpio L.) using LHRHa (DSer (tBu) 6, Pro9- Net) – LHRH) combined with Haloperidol and carp pituitary extract. Aquaculture Research, 35: 10. Arantes,C.C; Castello,L; Cetra,M and Schilling,A. 2013. Environmental influences on the distribution of arapaima in Amazon floodplains. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 96, 1257– 1267. Bagenal,T.B and Braum,E. 1978. Eggs and early life history. In Bagenal,T. led. Methods for assessment of fish production in freshwater, p,165-201. Basaran,F and Sabsun, N. 2008. Survival rates of black sea turbot (Psetta maximamaeotica.l.1758) broodstock captured by gill nets from different depths and their adaptation culture conditions. Aqua. Int., 12: 321-331. Billard,R; Alagarswami,K; Peter,R.E and Breton,B. 1983. Potentialisation par is pimozide des effets du LHRH-A sur la secretion gonadotrope hypophysire !'ovulation et la spermiation chez la carpe commune (Cyprinus carpio). C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. III. 296: 181-184. Bohl, M. 1979. Disease control and reproduction of grass carp in Germany. Aquatic Weeds Research Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Siences, 243-252. Boyd, R. L and Bailey, W. M. 1972. White amur spawning project. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, 7p. Bozkurt,Y; Yavas,İ; Gül,A; Balc,B.A and Çetin,N.C. 2017. Importance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) for controlling of aquatic vegetation. Chapter 3, 29- 39. Bromage, N; Bruce, M; Basavaraja, N; Rana, K;Shields, R and Young, C.1994. Egg Quality Determinants in Finfish The Role of Overripening with Special Reference to the Timing of Stripping in the Atlantic Halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 25(1):13-21. Brzuska, E.2006. Artificial spawning of female Lithuanian strain B carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after treatment with carp pituitary homogenate, Ovopel or [D-Tle6, ProNHEt9] LH-RHa (Lecirelin). Aquaculture resarch, 37: 264-271.Brzuska,E and Bialowas,H. 2002. Artificial spawning of carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Aquacul. Res., 33: 753- 765. Brzuska,E. 2004. Artificial spawning of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) differences between the effects of reproduction in females of Hungarian and Polish and French origin treated with carp pituitary homogenate or (D-Tle6, proNHET9) GnRH (Lecirelin). Aquacul. Res., 35: 1318- 1327. Brzuska,E. 2005. Artificial spawning of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.),differences between females of Polish strain 6 and Hungarian strain W treated with carp pituitary homogenate, Ovopel or Dagin. Aquaculture resarch, 36: 1015-1025. Brzuska,E. 2006. Artificial spawning of female Lithuanian strain B carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after treatment with carp pituitary homogenate, Ovopel or [D-Tle6, ProNHEt9] LH-RHa (Lecirelin). Aquaculture resarch, 37: 264-271. Catarino,L.F; Ferreira,M.T. and Moreira,I.S. 1997. Preferences of grass carp for macrophytes in Iberian drainage channels. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 35: 79–83. Chang,J.P; Peter,R.E; Nathorniak,C.S and Sokolowska,M. 1984. Effects of catecholaminergic agonists and antagonists on serum gonadotropin concentrations and ovulation in Goldfish : evidence for specificity of dopamine inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. Gen, Comp, Endocrinol, 55 : 351-360. Chaudhuri, H; Singh, S.P and Sukumaran, K. K. 1966. Experiments on large scale production of fish seed of the Chinese grass carp, Ctenooharvngodon idellus (C.&V.) and the silver carp , Hvpoohthalmichthys molitrix (C.& V.) by induced breeding in ponds in India, Proc, Indian Acad,Sci, B 63 (2):80-95. Chen, F.Y; Chow. X and Sim. B.K. 1969. Induced spawning of the three major Chinese carps in Malacca, Malaysia, Malay, Agric, J47: 211- 238. Chilton III,E.W and Muoneke,M.I. 1992. Biology and management of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinidae) for vegetation control. a North American perspective, Rev, Fish Bio, Fish, 2:283-320. Crim,L.W and Evans,D.H. 1980. LHRH stimulated gonadotropin release from. the rainbow trout pituitary gland on in vitro assay for detection of teleost gonadotropin releasing factors. Gen, Camp, Endorinol. 40: 283-290. Cudmore,B; Mandrak,N.E. 2004. Biological synopsis of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Burlington, Fisheries and Oceans Canada/Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 44 p. Cyrino,J.E.P; Urbinati,E.C; Fracalossi,D.M; Castagnolli,N; Tópicos, E; Akira,T.A. and Jairem,S.M. 2004. piscicultura de água doce tropical intensiva. São Paulo, TecArt, p.387-403. Das,P; Behera,B.K; Meena,D.K; Singh,S.K; Mandal,S.C; Das,S.S; Yadav,A.K and Bhattacharjya,B.K. 2016. Comparative efficacy of different inducing agents onbreeding performance of a near threatened cyprinid Osteobrama belangeri incaptivity. Aquaculture Reports, NO.4:178-182. Dorafshan,S; Mostafavi,H and Amiri,B.M. 2003. Induction of spawning in common carp Cyprinus carpio, using pituitary extract and GnRH analogue in combination with Domperidone. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 1, No.4:213-217. Doudoroff, P. 1956. Some experiments on the toxicity of complex cyanides to fish. Sewage and Industrial Wastes, 28: 1020–1040. Durborow,R.M; Tucker,C.S; Gomelsky,B.I; Onders,R.J and Mims,S.D. 2007. Aquatic weed control in ponds. Kentucky State University Aquaculture Program, a KSU Land Grant Program, 21 pp. Eccles,D.H. 1992. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania. FAO, Rome. 145 p. El-Gamal,A.E.E; Darwish,S.T and Sheha,M.A. 2019. Control of Reproduction by Using Hormonal Injection in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) Reared In the Floating Cages in River Nile, Egypt. East African Scholars J Biotechnol Genet, ISSN: 2663- 189X (Print) & ISSN: 2663-7286 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-1 | Issue-6 | Nov-Dec-2019 | El-Hawarry,W.N; Abdel-Rahman,S.H and Shourbela, R. M. 2016. Breeding response and larval quality of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) using different hormones/hormonal analogues with dopamine antagonist. Egypt, J, Aquat, Res, 42, 231-239. Erdahl,D. 1996. Clinical field trials to determine the efficacy of CCP to induce gamete maturation (ovulation and spermiation) in a variety of fish species. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, INAD 8391: 1–12. Falahatkar,B; Poursaeid,S; Langroudi,H.E; Efatpanah,I; Meknatkhah,B and Rahmati,M. 2013. Spawning induction in Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamensky), with different hormones : Analysis of hormone profiles and induced spawning success. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 21: 271-281. FAO. 1983. Fresh water aquaculture development in China.Report of the FAO/UNDP study tour organized for French speaking African countries, 22April-20 May 1980,FAO Fish,Tech,Pap,215,125p. FAO. 2018. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture: Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome, License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO, 210 pp. Farag,M.E; Zeinhom,M.M and Ibrahim,I.H. 2017. stimulation spawning of common carp, grass carp and silver carp by carp pituitary extract, human chorionic gonadotrophin, receptal and ovaprim hormones for commercial purposes. Cairo, Egypt, 1st International Conference (Central Laboratory For Aquaculture Research In Cooperation With Worldfish, Vol. 2. -346.FishBase. 2004. Entry for Ctenopharyngodon idella. Main ref.: Shireman, J.V and Smith,C.D. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1884). FAO Fish, Synop, No.135:86 pp. Online at www.fishbase.org/. Accessed 17 December 2004. FishBase. 2004. World Wide Web electronic publication. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. www.fishbase.org, version (10/2004). Fisher, Z.; Lyakhnovich, V. P. 1973. Biology and bioenergetics of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.). Polish Archieves of Hydrobiology, v. 20, n. 2, p. 521-557. Froese,R and Pauly,D. 2017. FishBase. World Wide Web Electronic Publication, www.fishbase.org. Froese,R and Pauly,D. 2019. FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org Froese,R and Pauly,D. 2022. FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org Gettys,L.A; Haller,W.T and Bellaud,M. 2009. Biology and control of aquatic plant: a best management practices handbook. Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation,210 p. Haniffa, M.A. and Sridhar, K.S. 2002. Induced spawning of spotted murrel (Channa punctatus) and Catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) using human chorionic hormone and synthetic hormone Ovaprim. Veterinarski Arch,72(1): 51-56. Hamwi, N., Al-Tajer, H., A. L. Ali 2021. Evaluation of Ovulation and Fecundity of Common Carp Females (Cyprinus carpio) Treated with Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) during The Breeding Season. Journal of Al-Baath University, vol. 43, No. 24, 41-54. Hamwi, N., T. Farah 2022. Assessment Fecundity of Common Carp Males (Cyprinus carpio) Induced by HCG During the Breeding Season. Journal of Al-Baath University, vol. 44, No. 4, 87-104 Hamwi, N., Al-Tajer, H., A. L. Ali 2022. Stimulation of Ovulation and Fecundity by HCG in Common Carp Females (Cyprinus carpio) Outside the Breeding Season. Journal of Al-Baath University, vol. 44, No. 10, 93- 107. Hamwi, N., T. Farah 2022. Stimulation of Spermiation by HCG in Common Carp Males (Cyprinus carpio) Outside the Breeding Season. Journal of AlBaath University, vol. 44, No. 10, 11-28. Haque,M.Z; Kohinoor,A.H; Rahman,M.A and Mazid,M.A. 1995. Egg quality of Chinese Carps disease. J. Asia Soc. Bangladesh Sci., 21 (2): 209-216. Harvey,B.J and Hoar,W.S. 1979. Theory and practice of induced breeding in fish. Ottawa, Ont, IDRC, 48, 111p. Hayder,S. 2019. Socio-economic risk assessment of the presence of grass carp in the Great Lakes Basin. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Policy and Economics, 100 pp.Heggberget,T.G. 1996. The role of aquaculture in world fisheries. Oxford & IBH Publishing co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Hermes,C.A. 2009. Cultivo de peixes em biossistema integrado. Varia Scientia (UNIOESTE) , v. 07, p. 11-24, 2009. Heydarnejad,M.S. 2012. Survival and growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to different water pH levels. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 36(3): 245-249. Horváth,L; Tamás,G; Coche,A.G; Kovács,É; Moth-Poulsen,T and Woynarovich,A. 2015. Training Manual on the Artificial Propagation of Carps: A handout for on-farm training workshops on artificial propagation of common carp and Chinese major carps in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, Budapest, 38 pages. Hossain, M. B; Rahman. M. M; Sarwer, M. G; Ali, M. Y; Ahamed. F; Rahman, S; Fulanda, B; Rahman, M. M; Subba, B. R and Hossain, M. Y. 2012. Comparative study of carp pituitary gland (PG) extract and synthetic hormone ovaprim used in the induced breeding of stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Siluriformes: Heteropneustidae). Our Nature, 10, 89-95. Houssay, B.A. 1930. Accion sexual de la hipofisis en los peces y reptiles. Rev, Soc, Arg, Biol,106:686-688. Hussain, M.G. 1981. Artificial propagation of grass carp in Masab Fish Farm, Syria. Tech, Rep, (UNV Multi-Sectorial Assistance Project SYR/78/007), 6 p. Hussain, M.G. 1982. A guide to fish farming in Syria, A Training Manual of UNV Multi- Sectorial Assistance Project SYR/78/007, UNDP, Damascus, Syria, 112p. Hussain, M.G. 1985. Experimentally standardized technique for induced breeding and mass propagation of grass carp in Syria. Fish, Tech, Pap, UNV Multi-Sectorial Assistance Project SYR/78/007, UNDP, Damascus, Syria, 27p. Hussain, M.G. 1988. Development of induced spawning procedures for grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, in Syria. Asian Fis, Sci, 2,115-119. Inaba,D; Nomura,M and Nakamura,M. 1957. Preliminary report on the spawning of grass carp and silver carp in the Tone river Japan and the development of their eggs. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 43(1): 81-96. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2004. Web database application. http://www.itis.usda.gov/index.html. Jehan, y and Egg, L.Y. 1977. Final report of artificial breeding of grass carp in Syria. Tech, Rep, Korean Mission, 195p. Jhingran,V. G and Pullin. R. S. V. A. 1985. Hatchery Manual for the Common, Chinese and Indian Major Carps. ISSN 0115,4389,ISBN 971, 1022, 17, 6, No,252.Jones,L.A; Mandrak,N.E and Cudmore,B. 2017. Updated (2003–2015) biological synopsis of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. iv + 63 pp. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.832257/publication.html (Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2016/102). Keith,P and Allardi,J. 2001. Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Paris, MNHN, Patrimoines naturels, 47: 387 p. Kobayashi, M. Sorensen, P.W and Stacey,N.E. 2002. Hormonal and pheromonal control of spawning behavior in the goldfish. Fish Physiol, Biochem, 26:71-84. Krejszeff,S; Kucharczyk,D; Kupren,K; Targońska,K; Mamcarz,A; Kujawa,R; Kaczkowski,Z and Ratajski,S. 2008. Reproduction of chub, Leuciscus cephalus L., under controlled conditions. Aquaculture resarch, 39: 907-912. Krejszeff,S; Targońska,K; Żarski,D and Kucharczyk,D. 2009. Domestication affects spawning of the ide (Leuciscus idus) - preliminary study. Aquaculture, 295: 145- 147. Kucharczyk,D; Kujawa, R; Mamcarz, A; Targońska-Dietrich, K ;Wyszomirska, E; Glogowski, J; Babiak, I and Szabo,T. 2005. Induced spawning in bream (Abramis brama L.) using pellets containing LH-RH. Czech journal of animal science, 50(3): 89-95. Kucharczyk,D; Targońska,K; Hliwa,P; Gomułka,P; Kwiatkowski,M; Krejszeff,S and Perkowski,J. 2008. Reproductive parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) spawners during natural season and out-of-season spawning. Reproductive biology, 8(3): 285-289. Kumarasiri,W.S.A.A.L and Seneviratne,P. 1988. Induced multiple spawning of Chinese carps in Sri Lanka. Aquaculture, 34: 57- 62. Kuronuma , K. 1968. New systems and new fishes for culture in the Far East. FAO Fish, Re p, No,44 ,Vol,5, pp,123-142. Kwain, W. 1975. Effects of temperature on development and survival of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, in acid waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 32: 493–497. Lee,C.S and Tamaru,C.S. 1988. Advances and future prospects of controlled maturation and spawning of Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.). Lin, S.Y. 1965. Induced spawning of Chine s e carps by pituitary injection in Taiwan ( a survey of technique and application). Chinese American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, Fish Series, No,5, 28 p. Lin,H.R; VanDer Kraak,C; Zhou,X.J; Liang,J.Y; Peter,R.E; Rivier,J.E and Vole,W.W. 1988. Effects of (D-Ala6, Tra7, Leu8, Pro9)LHRH (sGnRH-A), and (D-Ala6 - Pro9 NEt)-LHRH (LHRH-A), in combination with pimozide of domperidone, ongonadotropin release and ovulation in the Chinese loach and common carp. General and Comparative Endocrinology,69,1,31-40. Lin,S.Y. 1935. Life history of Woon ,ue, Ctenopharyngodon idella (C and V). Lingnan. Sci. J. 14(1): 129133; 14(2): 271-274. Ling,S.W. 1977. Aquaculture in Southeast Asia: a historical overview, ed. by Mumaw, L. Seattle, USA: University of Washington. xv + 108 pp. Meknatkhah,B and Rahmati,M. 2013. Spawning induction in Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamensky),with different hormones: Analysis of hormone profiles and induced spawning success. Arch.Pol.Fish No.21:271-281 Munthali,S.M and Ribbink,A.J. 1998. Condition and fecundity of translocated rockdwelling cichlid fish in Lake Malawi. Journal of Zoology,244, 347-355. Mylonas, C.C;Magnus, Y; Gissis, A; Klebanov, Y and Zohar Y.1996. Application of controlled-release, GnRHa-delivery systems in commercial production of white bass X striped bass hybrids (sunshine bass), using captive broodstocks. Aquaculture. 140(3):265-80. NACA. 1989. Integrated Fish Farming in China. NACA Technical Manual 7. Bangkok, Thailand: Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific, 278 p. Naeem, M and Salam, A. 2005. Induced spawning of bighead carp Aristichthys Nobilis by using Ovaprim-Cat fish hatchery Islamabad, Pakistan. Sindh. Univ. Res. J. (Sci.Ser). 37 (1): 9-16. Naeem, M; Zuberi, A; Salam, A; Ashraf, M; Elahi, N; Ali, M; Ishtiaq, A; Malik, T; Khan, M. J; Ayaz, M. M; Iqbal, M. J and Ahmad, B. 2011. Induced spawning, fecundity, fertilization rate and hatching rate of Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by using a single intramuscular injection of ovaprim–C at a fish hatchery Faisalabad, Pakistan. Afr, J, Biotechnol, 10, pp, 11048-11053. Nico,L.G and Fuller,P.L. 2005. Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844). Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Revision Date: 12/8/2004. Gainesville,FL,Onlineat. http://flgvwdmz014.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=514. Accessed 22 February 2005. Nico,L.G; Fuller,P.L and Schofield,P.J. 2010. Ctenopharyngodon idella. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Gainesville, FL. Online at http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=514 Nikolsky,G.V. 1963. The ecology of fishes. Acad, Press, London,352pp. Nwosu, FM and Holzlohner, S. 2000. Influence of temperature on egg hatching, growth and survival of larvae of Heterobranchus longifilis Val. 1840 (Teleostei: Claridae). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 4: 20–23.Opuszýnski,K; Shireman,J.V. 1995. Herbivorous fishes, culture and use for weed management. London, CRC Press, 223 p. Page,L.M and Burr,B.M. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Peter,R.E; Lin,H.R and Van Der Kraak,G. 1988. Induced ovulation and spawning of cultured freshwater fish in China; Advances in application of GnRH Analogues and Dopamine Antagonists.Aquaculture, 74: 1-1. Pham,H.Q and Le,H.M. 2016. Effects of Thyroxin and Domperidone on Oocyte Maturation and Spawning Performances in the Rabbit Fish, Siganus guttatus. Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, Vol,47, No, 5:691-700. Pillay,T.V.R. 1990. Aquaculture: principles and practice. Oxford, UK, Fishing News Books, 575pp. Prabhavathy, G and Reenivasan, A. S. 1977. Cultural prospects of Chinese carps in Tamilnadu. Proc,Indo-Pac,Fish,Counc,17,3, 354- 362. Ramussen,J. 2000. Summary (by state) of Asian Carp distribution in the Mississippi River basin. Mississippi Interstate Cooperative Resource Association. Online at http://www.aux.cerc.cr.usgs.gov/MICRA/AsianCarpSurvey.pdf. Accessed 13 October 2004 Rashid,M; Balkhi,M.H; Naiko,G.A and Ahamad,T. 2014. Induced breeding of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Using Ovatide as Synthetic Hormone at National Fish Seed Farm (Nfsf) Manasbal, Kashmir, J&K. Fish Aquac, J5: 110. Rottmann,R.W; Shireman,J.V and Chapman,F.A. 1992. Hormonal control of reproduction in fish for induced spawning. Alabama cooperative extension services. Auburn Univ. Southern. Regional Aquaculture Center (SRAC), 424: 14. Sapkale,P.H; Singh,R.K and Desai,A.S.2011. Optimal water temperature and pH for development of eggs and growth of spawn of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Applied Animal Research, Volume 39, Issue 4: 339-345. Sato,Y; Verani,N.F; Nuner,A.P.O; Godinho,H.P and Verani,J.R. 2003. Padroes reprodutivos de peixes da bacia do Sao Francisco (Reproductive patterns of fishes of the Sao Francisco basin). In: A ´ guas, peixes e pescadores do Sao Francisco das Minas Gerais (Water, fish and fishermen of the Sao Francisco from Minas Gerais). H. P. Godinho, A. L. Godinho (Eds). Ed. PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, pp. 229– 274, 468 p,ISBN: 8586480142 Schoonbee,H.J. 1991. Biological control of fennel-leaved pondweed, Potamogeton pectinatus (Potamogetonaceae), in South Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, v. 37, n. 1- 3, pp. 231-237. Shanthanagouda,A.H. and Khairnar,S.O. 2018. Breeding and spawning of fishes: Role of endocrine gland. Int J Fish Aquat Stud, 6 (4): 472-478.Shireman, J. V and Smith ,C.R. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844), Food and Aquaculture Organization Synopsis,135, 86p. Shrestha, S. B. 1973. Induced breeding of grass carp in Nepal. Bamidgeh, 25, 1, 10-16. Silva,A.F; Cruz,C; Pitelli,R.L.C.M and Pitelli,R.A. 2014. Use of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) as a biological control agent for submerged aquatic macrophytes Planta Daninha. Viçosa-MG, V,32, n, 4, pp,765-773. Sing,H.K; Dutt,S; Ali,M and Biswas,R.K. 1996. Use of dopamine antagonsts on induced spawning of Indian Major Carps. Journal of the Indian Fisheries Association NO.26:75-84. Springate, J.R.C; Bromage, N.R; Elliott,.J.A.K and Hudson, D.L.1984. The timing of ovulation and stripping and their effects on the rates of fertilization and survival to eying, hatch and swim-up in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquaculture. 43(1–3):313-22. Stacey,N.E; Cook,A.F and Peter,R.E. 1979. Ovulatory surge of gonadotropin in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Gen. Camp.Endocrinol. 37: 246-249. Stanley, J.G. 1979. Control of sex in fishes , with special reference to the grass carp. Aquatic Weeds Research Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, pp,201- 242. Stanley, J.G; Miley, W.W and Sutton, D.L. 1978. Reproductive requirements and likelihood for naturalization of escaped grass carp in the United States. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 103:587-592. Szabó,T. 2003. Ovulation induction in Northern pike Esox iucius L. using different GnRH analogues, ovaprim Dagin and carp pituitary. Aquacul. Res., 34: 479-486. Szabó,T; Ditrói,B; Szabó,K; Bokor,Z and Urbányi,B. 2014. Comparison of the Efficiency of Common Carp and Silver Carp in the Breeding of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Northern Pike (Esox lucius). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 14: 841-844. Szabó,T; Urbányi,U; Müller,T; Szabó,R and Horváth,L. 2019. Assessment of induced breeding of major Chinese carps at a large-scale hatchery in Hungary. Aquaculture Reports,14, 100193. Taher,M.M. 2017. Laboratory experiments on cultivation of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844). Basrah, J, Agric, Sci, 30 (2): 91-98. Tan,M and Armbruster,J.W. 2018. Phylogenetic classification of extant genera of fishes of the order Cypriniformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Zootaxa, 4476 (1): 6-39. Targońska, k; Żarski, D and Kucharczyk, D. 2008. A review of the artificial reproduction of asp,Aspiusaspius (L.) and nase,Chondrostoma nasus (L.). Arch. Pol. Fish., 16(4): 341–354.Thalathiah,S; Ahmad,A.D and Zaini,M.S. 1988. Induced spawning techniques practised at Batu Berendan, Malaka, Malaysia. Aquaculture.74:23-33. Tucker, J.W.1994. Spawning by Captive Serranid Fishes: A Review. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 25(3):345-59. Vazzoler,A.E.A.M. 1996. Biologia da reprodução de peixes teleósteos: teoria e prática. Maringá, EDUEM/SBI. 169 pp. Vinogradov,V.K. 1968. Techniques of rearing phytophagous fishe. FAO Fisheries Reports, No: 44,Vol, 5, pp, 227-243. Von Ihering, R. 1937. A method for inducing fish to spawn. Prog. Fish Cult, 34:15-16. Weerakoon,D.E.M. 1979. Induced Spawning of Two Major Species of Chinese Carps, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Aristychthys nobilis in Sri Lanka..Bull. Fish. Res. Stn., Sri Lanka, Vol. 29, pp. 55-62. Yaron,Z; Bogomolnaya,A; Drori,S; Biton,I; Aizen,J; Kulikovsky,Z and Levavi-Sivan,B. 2009. Spawning induction in the carp: past experience and future prospects: a Review. I. J. Aquacult. Bam, 61:5–26. Yousefian,M; Gezel,H.G and Masoud,H.F. 2008. Induction of ovulation in endemic Chalcarburnus chalcoides, living in the Caspian Sea, using LRH-Aa combined with metoclopramide. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol.7, NO.22:4199-4201. Zarski,D; Kucharczyk,D; Targonska,K; Jamróz,M; Krejszeff,S and Mamcarz,A. 2009. Application of Ovopel, Ovaprim and their combination in artificial reproduction of two rheophilic cyprinid fishes. Polish Journal of Natural Science, 24: 235-244. Zohar,Y and Mylonas,C.C. 2001. Endocrine manipulations of spawning in cultured fish: from hormones to genes. Aquaculture, 197:99-136.