Species‐specific Standardisation of Licorice by Metabolomic Profiling of Flavanones and Chalcones
2014
Simmler, Charlotte | Jones, Tristesse | Anderson, Jeffrey R. | Nikolić, Dejan C. | Breemen, Richard B. | Soejarto, Djaja D. | Chen, Shao‐Nong | Pauli, Guido F.
INTRODUCTION: Major phenolics from licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza sp.) are glycosides of the flavanone liquiritigenin (F) and its 2′‐hydroxychalcone isomer, isoliquiritigenin (C). As the F and C contents fluctuate between batches of licorice, both quality control and standardisation of its preparations become complex tasks. OBJECTIVE: To characterise the F and C metabolome in extracts from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. by addressing their composition in major F–C pairs and defining the total F:C proportion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three types of extracts from DNA‐authenticated samples were analysed by a validated UHPLC/UV method to quantify major F and C glycosides. Each extract was characterised by the identity of major F–C pairs and the proportion of Fs among all quantified Fs:Cs. RESULTS: The F and C compositions and proportions were found to be constant for all extracts from a Glycyrrhiza species. All G. uralensis extracts contained up to 2.5 more Fs than G. glabra extracts. Major F–C pairs were B‐ring glycosidated in G. uralensis, and A‐/B‐ring apiosyl‐glucosidated in the G. glabra extracts. The F:C proportion was found to be linked to the glycosidation site: the more B‐ring F‐C glycosides were present, the higher was the final F:C proportion in the extract. These results enable the chemical differentiation of extracts from G. uralensis and G. glabra, which are characterised by total F:C proportions of 8.37:1.63 and 7.18:2.82, respectively. CONCLUSION: Extracts from G. glabra and G. uralensis can be differentiated by their respective F and C compositions and proportions, which are both useful for further standardisation of licorice botanicals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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