Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) differentially regulates Foxp3⁺ regulatory and IL-17⁺ pathogenic T cell in autoimmune arthritis
2011
Park, Mi-Kyung | Park, Jin-Sil | Cho, Mi-La | Oh, Hye-Jwa | Heo, Yu-Jung | Woo, Yun-Ju | Heo, Yang-Mi | Park, Min-Jung | Park, Hyun-Sil | Pak, Sŏng-hwan | Kim, Ho-Youn | Min, Jun-Ki
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), which is the antioxidant derived from grape seeds, has been reported to possess a variety of potent properties. We have previously shown that GSPE attenuates collagen-induced arthritis. However the mechanism by which GSPE regulates the immune response remains unclear, although it may involve effects on the regulation of pathogenic T cells in autoimmune arthritis. To clarify this issue, we have assessed the effects of GSPE on differential regulation of Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells subsets in vitro in mouse and human CD4⁺ T cells. We observed that GSPE decreased the frequency of IL-17⁺CD4⁺Th17 cells and increased induction of CD4⁺CD25⁺forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)⁺ Treg cells. In vivo, GSPE effectively attenuated clinical symptoms of established collagen-induced arthritis in mice with concomitant suppression of IL-17 production and enhancement of Foxp3 expression (type II collagen-reactive Treg cells) in CD4⁺ T cells of joints and splenocytes. The presence of GSPE decreased the levels of IL-21, IL-22, IL-26 and IL-17 production by human CD4⁺ T cells in a STAT3-dependent manner. In contrast, GSPE induces Foxp3⁺ Treg cells in humans. Our results suggest that GSPE possesses a reciprocal control over IL-17 and Foxp3. By potently regulating inflammatory T cell differentiation, GSPE may serve as a possible novel therapeutic agent for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.
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