Carbohydrate and fat utilization during rest and physical activity
2011
Melzer, Katarina
The energy used in post-prandial state during rest and physical activity is derived predominantly from the oxidation of carbohydrate (CHO) and fat. Although protein can also serve as a source of energy, amino acids oxidation is usually tightly adjusted to amino acids intake and their contribution to total energy expenditure is rather insignificant in healthy subjects. Blood glucose, glycogen, plasma fatty acids and intramuscular triglycerides, on the other hand, present major sources for energy production. The amount of energy stored in the form of fat is large, representing 92–98% of all endogenously stored energy with CHO contributing only about 2–8%. Fat is at the bottom of an oxidative hierarchy that determines fuel selection, and its oxidation is governed by the presence or absence of the other macronutrients. In addition, the rate at which it can be oxidized depends on intensity of energy expenditure. In contrast, CHO elicit strong auto-regulatory adjustments in their oxidation. This review aims at summarizing the current state of knowledge on CHO and fat body storage, hierarchy of fuel utilization during resting state, anaerobic and aerobic pathways for energy production during exercise, and the effects of exercise mode, intensity, duration, and training on CHO and fat utilization.
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