Energy Level Alignment in Molecular Tunnel Junctions by Transport and Spectroscopy: Self-Consistency for the Case of Alkyl Thiols and Dithiols on Ag, Au, and Pt Electrodes
2019
Xie, Zuoti | Bâldea, Ioan | Frisbie, C Daniel
We report here an extensive study of transport and electronic structure of molecular junctions based on alkyl thiols (CnT; n = 7, 8, 9, 10, 12) and dithiols (CnDT; n = 8, 9, 10) with various lengths contacted with different metal electrodes (Ag, Au, Pt). The dependence of the low-bias resistance (R) on contact work function indicates that transport is HOMO-assisted (p-type transport). Analysis of the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics for CnT and CnDT tunnel junctions with the analytical single-level model (SLM) provides both the HOMO-Fermi energy offset εₕᵗʳᵃⁿˢ and the average molecule–electrode coupling (Γ) as a function of molecular length (n), electrode work function (Φ), and the number of chemical contacts (one or two). The SLM analysis reveals a strong Fermi level (EF) pinning effect in all the junctions, i.e., εₕᵗʳᵃⁿˢ changes very little with n, Φ, and the number of chemical contacts, but Γ depends strongly on these variables. Significantly, independent measurements of the HOMO–Fermi level offset (εₕᵁᴾS) by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) for CnT and CnDT SAMs agree remarkably well with the transport-estimated εₕᵗʳᵃⁿˢ. This result provides strong evidence for hole transport mediated by localized HOMO states at the Au–thiol interface, and not by the delocalized σ states in the C–C backbones, clarifying a long-standing issue in molecular electronics. Our results also substantiate the application of the single-level model for quantitative, unified understanding of transport in benchmark molecular junctions.
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