Two sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.) mutants temperature snsitive for chlorophyll expression

The nonallelic sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.) mutants U371 (ch10/ch10 genotype) and U372 (ch11/ch11 genotype) are derived from the U389 (+/+ genotype) parental strain. Growth of the U389 strain at a temperature of 17 or 26 degrees C results in plants normally green in appearance. The U371 and U372 mutant plants grown at 26 degrees C are slightly to moderately chlorophyll (Chl) deficient and have decreased Chl b/a ratios. Growth of the mutants at 17 degrees C results in plants severely deficient in Chl a, with markedly reduced levels of carotenoids except for violaxanthin, and with negligible amounts of Chl b or apoproteins for the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. If mutant plants grown at 17 degrees C are transferred to 26 degrees C, during the next 20 d the amount of Chl per fresh weight will increase 5-fold and both the Chl b/a ratio and the expression of the light-harvesting complex apoproteins will progressively increase. Studies of the U371 mutant during the temperature-induced greening demonstrate progressive changes in chloroplast ultrastructure and leaf carbon isotope fractionation that parallel the increases in Chl. Changes observed in the leaf carbon isotope fractionation in the mutant suggest that, in addition to the already known effects of various abiotic factors, structural and metabolic internal factors can also influence whether the limitation in CO2 fixation is at the level of diffusion or carboxylation. Such temperature-initiated progressive greening in these and similar mutants may make them useful tools to elucidate not only the biosynthesis and assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus, but also physiological phenomena such as the influence of light-driven energy production on the overall carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis.