Factors Associated with Exposure to Trihalomethanes, NHANES 2001–2012
2019
Ashley, David L. | Smith, Mitchell M. | Silva, Lalith K. | Yoo, Young M. | De Jesús, Víctor R. | Blount, Benjamin C.
Disinfection is critical for maintaining a safe water supply, but the use of chlorine or chloramine leads to exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), which have been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes and bladder cancer. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency revised the DBP regulations starting in 1998 to further limit levels of THMs in household water. We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected between 2001 and 2012 (with 2 years per cycle) using models with and without water-related predictors to examine the utility of including these measures. Median blood chloroform levels (25th–75th percentiles) were 16.2 (9.13–31.2) ng/L in 2001–2002 and 5.97 (2.92–12.3) ng/L in 2011–2012. Median blood bromodichloromethane (BDCM) levels (25th–75th percentiles) were 2.22 (1.06–4.61) ng/L in 2001–2002 and 1.18 (<limit of detection–2.92) ng/L in 2011–2012. THM water concentrations and measures of the recency since time spent in water use activities were associated with blood THM levels. Being in a pool/hot tub/sauna within 24 h or taking a shower/bath within 6 h of blood collection was associated with elevated blood levels of chloroform and BDCM. When possible, it is important to include recency and external dose when assessing associations to internal dose levels for nonpersistent compounds.
Show more [+] Less [-]AGROVOC Keywords
Bibliographic information
This bibliographic record has been provided by National Agricultural Library