Three-dimensional porous carbonaceous network with in-situ entrapped metallic cobalt for supercapacitor application

Herein, we outline the fabrication of highly porous three-dimensional carbon-fiber network anchored with uniform metallic cobalt (Co) via electrospinning and subsequent post-modification approaches. First, cobalt acetate solution saturated electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous mat was subjected to sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) solution which results in the fabrication of three dimensional (3D) hierarchical multilayer network. Restructuring of the 2D mat into multilayered sponges with metal particles entrapment is attributed to the in-situ generated hydrogen gas into the interconnected pores of the fibrous network simultaneous with reduction of cobalt salt into metallic cobalt by NaBH₄. The resulting mesh was stabilized and carbonization at inert atmosphere to obtain metallic cobalt (Co) embedded 3D carbon nanofibrous networks (Co@3D-CNFs). Physicochemical characterization and electrochemical analysis were performed. Results show carbon network was found to be expanded with bubbling like structures often embedded metallic Co nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirms the existence of the metallic cobalt particles on the carbon fiber networks. Furthermore, we establish a resulting composite (Co@3D-CNFs) identify the enhanced electrochemical performance having specific capacitance 762 F g⁻¹ compared to 173 and 180 F g⁻¹ for corresponding @3D-CNFs and 2D carbon nanofiber network with cobalt doped (Co@2D-CNFs) counterparts, respectively. The assembled Co2@3D-CNFs//NGH ASC device exhibits a high energy density 24.6 W h Kg⁻¹ at 797 W kg⁻¹ power density with an operating voltage of 1.6 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The device further shows good capacitance retention (90.1%) after 5000 cycles. This research shows the simple and cost-effective strategy to make metallic particles embedded 3D porous carbonaceous electrode materials which can have great potential for energy storage application.