A functional study of the essential amidotransferase complex MurT/CobQ in Streptococcus pneumoniae | En funksjonell studie av det essensielle amidotransferasekomplekset MurT/CobQ i Streptococcus pneumoniae
2015
Hegnar, Olav Aaseth
English. The bacterial cell wall is responsible for maintaining cell shape and gives protection from osmotic lysis caused by turgor pressure. The major component of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria is the structurally complex biopolymer peptidoglycan. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive human pathogen responsible for an estimated 1-2 million deaths annually worldwide. Studies of its cell wall synthesis machinery are of high academic interest and it can contribute to drug target discoveries, which have the potential to improve treatments in the future. The recently discovered essential amidotransferase complex MurT/CobQ, encoded by the operon murTcobQ, is in S. pneumoniae responsible for the amidation the peptidoglycan precursor lipid II. The amidation of the second residue γ-glutamate to isoglutamine in lipid II has previously been shown to be necessary for the transpeptidase activity of the peptidoglycan synthesising proteins, known as penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). What biological role this amidation plays is currently not known. In the present work depletion of MurT/CobQ expression has been used extensively to study how low levels of amidated lipid II affects the phenotype of S. pneumoniae. The sensitivity against the β−lactam antibiotics cefotaxime and ampicillin did not appear to be significantly affected by MurT/CobQ depletion, and neither did lysozyme resistance. The non-essential PBP1a is the only PBP to have reported residual transpeptidase activity with non-amidated lipid II in vitro. This proved difficult to demonstrate in vivo, and as such the results of these experiments were inconclusive. It was shown that depletion of MurT/CobQ severely affected the pneumococcal cells ability to properly divide, with septal cell wall synthesis being inhibited. The cells were still able to synthesize cell wall peripherally, strongly indicating that there is a difference between the septal and peripheral cell wall synthesising machineries in their ability to utilize non-amidated lipid II as substrate. The depletion of MurT/CobQ also affected the ability of the muralytic fratricide protein CbpD to successfully lyse cells, further strengthening the existing theory that this enzyme attacks the septal region of dividing cells. Furthermore this work demonstrated that in vivo, the PBPs are able to cross-link the stem peptides of the cell wall using non-amidated lipid II as substrate. Here it was shown that while the cell walls of normal pneumococcal cells contained a small amount of non-amidated stem-peptide dimers, cells depleted of MurT/CobQ contained significantly higher amounts of non-amidated stem-peptide dimers. Den bakterielle cellveggen gir bakteriecellene sin form og beskytter dem fra osmotisk lysis.Hovedkomponenten i celleveggen hos grampositive bakterier den komplekse biopolymerenpeptidoglykan. Streptococcus pneumoniae er en grampositiv, humanpatogen bakterie som eransvarlig for mellom 1-2 millioner dødsfall årlig på verdensbasis, og studier avcelleveggssyntesen kan potensielt lede til forbedrede behandlingsmetoder i fremtiden. Detnylig oppdagede essensielle amidotransferasekomplekset MurT/CobQ, kodet av operonetmurTcobQ, er ansvarlig for amideringen av peptidoglykanforløperen lipid II i S. pneumoniae.Amideringen av aminosyren γ−glutamat til isoglutamin i lipid II er tidligere vist å værenødvendig for transpeptidaseaktiviteten til de peptidoglykansyntetiserende enzymene(PBPer). Hvilken biologisk rolle denne amideringen spiller er for øyeblikket ukjent. I dettearbeidet har depletion (underuttrykk) av MurT/CobQ uttrykk blitt brukt for å studere hvordanlave konsentrasjoner av amidert lipid II påvirker fenotype hos S. pneumoniae.Sensitiviteten mot β−laktam antibiotikaene cefotaxim og ampicillin, samt lysozym ble ikkesignifikant påvirket av MurT/CobQ depletion. Det ikke-essensielle enzymet PBP1a er deteneste som tidligere har vist en viss aktivitet med uamidert lipid II in vitro. Dette viste seg åvære vanskelig å demonstrere in vivo, og resultatene fra disse forsøkene var mangelfulle.Arbeidet har vist at depletion av MurT/CobQ påvirker streptokokk-cellenes evne til å deleseg ved at den septale celleveggssyntesen blir inhibert. Cellene evnet fremdeles å syntetisereny cellevegg i lengderetningen, noe som indikerer at der er en forskjell mellom de septale ogperifere celleveggssyntesemaskinerienes evne til å bruke uamidert lipid II. Depletion avMurT/CobQ førte også til at det muralytiske fratricidproteinet CbpD ikke klarer å lysereceller, noe som bidrar til å styrke den rådende teorien om at dette proteinet angriper septumhos pneumokokker i delingsfasen. Videre viser denne studien at in vivo så evner PBPene åinkorporere og kryssbinde uamidert lipid II til en viss grad i celleveggen. Det ble vist at menscelleveggen til normale celler inneholdt en liten mengde uamiderte peptid-dimerer, såinneholdt MurTCobQ-depleted celler et signifikant høyere nivå av uamiderte peptid-dimerer.
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