Fertility Regulation Behaviors and Their Costs : Contraception and Unintended Pregnancies in Africa and Eastern Europe & Central Asia

Lule, Elizabeth; Singh, Susheela; Chowdhury, Sadia Afroze

Fertility Regulation Behaviors and Their Costs : Contraception and Unintended Pregnancies in Africa and Eastern Europe & Central Asia

2007

Lule, Elizabeth | Singh, Susheela | Chowdhury, Sadia Afroze

The report consists of three parts: global trends in fertility, contraceptive use and unintended pregnancies; studies of two regions (Africa and Eastern Europe/Central Asia) and two countries (Nigeria and Kazakhstan) on the costs of fertility regulation behaviors and provider attitudes towards contraceptive use. Fertility levels have declined steadily over the last three decades but the pace of decline varies among regions. Countries that have achieved a high level of contraceptive use have reached a lower fertility level. A gap continues to exist between actual and desired family size, resulting in unintended pregnancies. More than one-third of the pregnancies that occur are unintended and one in five pregnancies ends in induced abortion. Almost half of all induced abortions are unsafe, and the proportion of all abortions that are unsafe have increased during the last decade. Sixty-six percent of unintended pregnancies occur among women who are not using any method of contraception. Investing in quality family planning programs is a cost-effective way to address unmet need for contraception and reduce the risks of unsafe abortion, thereby improving maternal health. If contraception were provided to the 137 million women who lack access, maternal mortality will decline by 25-35 percent.

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AGROVOC Keywords

abortion adolescents baby child health civil society organizations contraceptives cultural values developing countries family planning family size fertility health care hiv hospital human immunodeficiency virus immunization infant nutrition nutritional status public health reproductive health rural areas secondary education sex social change status of women teenagers urban population urbanization world health organization

Bibliographic information

Publisher

World Bank, Washington, DC

Other Subjects

Number of women; Parenthood federation; Primary school; Levels of fertility; Postabortion; Contraceptive prevalence; Educational attainment; Modern contraceptive use; Government policies; Socioeconomic factors; Fertility trends; Number of children; Commodity security; Exposure to pregnancy; Abortion services; Ideal number of children; Fertility regulation; Young women; Unplanned pregnancies; Postabortion care; Respect; Health care services; Rural residence; Fertility transition; Contraceptive commodities; Policy makers; Household poverty; Practitioners; Low fertility; Reproductive age; Abortion rate; Female education; Policy implications; Modern contraceptive methods; Modern methods of contraception; Unfpa; Fertility rate; Lack of knowledge; Gender inequalities; Levels of education; Husbands; Family health; Post abortion; Maternal deaths; Lower fertility; Female labor force; Contraceptive use; Oral contraceptives; Sexual initiation; Access to abortion; Fewer children; Iud; Childbirth; Changes in fertility; Fertility levels; Newborn care; Contraception; Reproductive health policies; Fertility rates; National level; Sex preferences; Vicious cycle; Population and development; Fertility control; Parental leave; Poor households; Fertility decline; Family planning programs; National health systems; Unwanted pregnancy; Population issues; Unintended pregnancy; Health sector; Sexual partners; Fertility behavior; Unwanted pregnancies; Contraceptive methods; Condom; Fistula; Child health services; Modern contraceptives; Ideal family size; Reducing maternal mortality; Unintended pregnancies; Reproductive health care; Contraceptive services; Teenage pregnancies; Post-abortion care; Obstetric care; Married women; Children per woman; Reproductive health services; Ministries of health; Post-abortion contraceptive; Intercourse; Oral rehydration therapy; Number of abortions; Population division; Decline in fertility; Obstetric complications; Child mortality; Contraceptive method; Behavior change; Woman; Post-abortion; Newborn; Antenatal care; Ill health; Health system; Access to education; Young men; Access to family planning; Postabortion care; Childbearing; Service providers; Improvements in child survival; Family income; Social science; Service delivery systems; Medical treatment; Policy dialogue; Abortion complications; Rural populations; Larger families; Method of contraception; Unsafe abortions; Provider attitudes; Child survival; Demand for contraception; Modern contraception; Implications for population policy; Place of residence; First birth; Sexually active; Need for family planning; Postabortion; Small families; Infant deaths; Method of birth control; International center for research on women; Age at marriage; Disability; Family health international; Minimal medical standards; Post abortion care; Lack of information; Fertility declines; Maternal health; Unwanted births; Fertility preferences; Human development; Childbearing intentions; United nations population fund; Pace of decline; Reproductive behavior; Contraceptive information; Inequities; Mother; Quality services; Maternal mortality; Incomplete abortions; Unsafe abortion; Service delivery; Maternal mortality ratio; Family planning services; Young people; Fertility regulation methods; Health consequences

License

HNP discussion paper series;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/World BankCC BY 3.0 Unported

Source

HNP discussion paper series;

In AGRIS since: 2014-09-15

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This bibliographic record has been provided by World Bank

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Links

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/13783

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