Analysis and Risk Assessment of N-Nitrosodimethylamine and Its Precursor Concentrations in Korean Commercial Kimchi
2017
Kang, K.H., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea | Kim, S.H., World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea | Kim, S.H., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea | Kim, J.G., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea | Sung, N.J., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea | Lim, H., Gwangju University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea | Chung, M.J., Gwangju University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
Dimethylamine (DMA), nitrate, nitrite, and biogenic amines (BA) are precursors of carcinogenic Nnitrosamines. This study investigated contamination levels of DMA, nitrate, nitrite, and BA in various types of Korean commercial kimchi such as Baechu kimchi, Kkakduki, Chonggak kimchi, Matkimchi, ripened Baechu kimchi, and Baek kimchi. The average DMA, nitrate, and nitrite levels in Baechu kimchi were 29.7, 2,178.8, and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively. Low levels of DMA and nitrate were detected in Kkakduki. Tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and spermidine were detected in kimchi with exclusion of Baek kimchi and Chonggak kimchi. Tryptamine in Baek kimchi was only present in trace amount, and spermidine was not detected in Chonggak kimchi. The average tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and spermidine levels in Baechu kimchi were 15.0, 64.6, 18.0, 44.0, and 7.8 mg/kg, respectively. A low level of tyramine was detected in Kkakduki. In addition, contamination of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was detected in Kkakduki at a level of 1.38 microgram/kg. Daily exposure to NDMA in the consumer only group was estimated using average daily Kkakduki consumption and average body weight of the total population. The estimated daily intake of NDMA by Kkakduki was 2.31 x 10-7 mg/kg b.w./d. The margin of exposure to NDMA for the general population was 259,924. Accordingly, the health risk from NDMA caused by intake of Kkakduki was considered to be very low.
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