Ideas of the reform pedagogy in the Manual Training lessons
2015
Milgrave, I., University of Latvia, Riga (Latvia)
Target of the paper is to bring out the importance of reform pedagogy, especially ideas of the work school in development of the household and manual training lessons in Latvia. At the end of 19th century the school opened for all things new, experiential, and experimental. General term reform pedagogy was applied to the different new directions that boomed in the first third of 20th century. Most popular direction of the reform pedagogy is the work school, whose theoretical founder is considered to be John Dewey. At the end of 19th century the idea on the importance of manual training in the education gained wide popularity, important educators in this field were Uno Cygnaeus, Adolf Klausson Kaas, Otto Salomon and Gustav Adolf Salisis; their educational activity is described in the paper. Thanks to their works and practical experience in teacher education, the manual training was included in the curricula of schools almost in the whole world. The paper characterizes understanding and practical implementation of the work school ideas of the main representatives or the reform pedagogy John Dewey, Georg Kerchensteiner and Hugo Gaudig. It explores the directions of the work school – manualism, professionalism, activism – and educational ideas and activity of its main representatives. Special emphasis is put on activity of the manualists which facilitated emergence of the subject in schools and its further development. The paper analyzes cognitions of Karlis Cirulis on the importance of manual training in the development of harmonic personality. Method of research was hermeneutics, by means of which an analysis of the sources and literature on the history of pedagogy was performed.
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