Energy-efficient wastewater treatment: The impact of hybrid technology and intermittent aeration

Many researchers highlight the potential for increasing the efficiency of activated sludge-based methods by incorporating moving carriers into the reactor, creating a hybrid system. However, there is a lack of in-depth studies on the improvements in biofilm-based systems via development of activated sludge. In addition to the most efficient removal of pollutants from wastewater, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have also recently focused on the challenge of reducing their negative environmental impact and minimizing the costs of treatment. One of the ways to minimize the costs incurred by WWTP while positively impacting the environment and our planet is to reduce their demand for electricity. Energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants, particularly in aeration processes, remains one of the most significant operational costs, often constituting 50–75% of the total energy demand. It is therefore important to carefully select the operational parameters and employ appropriate technologies to achieve both high-quality treatment and a reduction of electricity use. This paper explores cutting-edge hybrid approaches that focus on reducing energy use in aeration by integrating optimized oxygen transfer systems, adaptive control mechanisms, and novel membrane technologies that enhance oxygen solubility. Key findings suggest that these hybrid systems can reduce energy consumption by as much as 30%, offering both economic and environmental benefits. By optimizing the aeration process and incorporating energy-saving innovations, treatment plants can achieve substantial improvements in operational efficiency. This study underscores the potential of hybrid technologies to reshape the future of wastewater treatment through energy-conscious design and operation.