Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types

Zou, Yibiao | Zohner, Constantin | Averill, Colin | Ma, Haozhi | Merder, Julian | Berdugo, Miguel | Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia | Mo, Lidong | Brun, Philipp | Zimmermann, Niklaus | Liang, Jingjing | De-Miguel, Sergio | Nabuurs, Gert-Jan | Reich, Peter | Niinements, Ulo | Dahlgren, Jonas | Kändler, Gerald | Ratcliffe, Sophia | Ruiz-Benito, Paloma | de Zavala, Miguel Angel | Abegg, Meinrad | Adou Yao, Yves | Alberti, Giorgio | Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica | Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez | Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban | Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia | Alves, Luciana | Ammer, Christian | Antón-Fernández, Clara | Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro | Arroyo, Luzmila | Avitabile, Valerio | Aymard, Gerardo | Baker, Timothy | Bałazy, Radomir | Banki, Olaf | Barroso, Jorcely | Bastian, Meredith | Bastin, Jean-Francois | Birigazzi, Luca | Birnbaum, Philippe | Bitariho, Robert | Boeckx, Pascal | Bongers, Frans | Bouriaud, Olivier | Brancalion, Pedro | Brandl, Susanne | Brearley, Francis | Brienen, Roel | Broadbent, Eben | Bruelheide, Helge | Bussotti, Filippo | Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla | César, Ricardo | Cesljar, Goran | Chazdon, Robin | Chen, Han | Chisholm, Chelsea | Cho, Hyunkook | Cienciala, Emil | Clark, Connie | Clark, David | Colletta, Gabriel | Coomes, David | Valverde, Fernando Cornejo | Corral-Rivas, José | Crim, Philip | Cumming, Jonathan | Dayanandan, Selvadurai | de Gasper, André | Decuyper, Mathieu | Derroire, Géraldine | Devries, Ben | Djordjevic, Ilija | Dolezal, Jiri | Dourdain, Aurélie | Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone | Enquist, Brian | Eyre, Teresa | Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain | Fayle, Tom | Feldpausch, Ted | Ferreira, Leandro | Finér, Leena | Fischer, Markus | Fletcher, Christine | Fridman, Jonas | Frizzera, Lorenzo | Gamarra, Javier | Gianelle, Damiano | Glick, Henry | Harris, David | Hector, Andrew | Hemp, Andreas | Hengeveld, Geerten | Hérault, Bruno | Herbohn, John | Herold, Martin | Hillers, Annika | Honorio Coronado, Eurídice | Hui, Cang | Ibanez, Thomas | Iêda, Amaral | Imai, Nobuo | Jagodziński, Andrzej | Jaroszewicz, Bogdan | Johannsen, Vivian Kvist | Joly, Carlos | Jucker, Tommaso | Jung, Ilbin | Karminov, Viktor | Kartawinata, Kuswata | Kearsley, Elizabeth | Kenfack, David | Kennard, Deborah | Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian | Keppel, Gunnar | Khan, Mohammed Latif | Killeen, Timothy | Kim, Hyun Seok | Kitayama, Kanehiro | Köhl, Michael | Korjus, Henn | Kraxner, Florian | Laarmann, Diana | Lang, Mait | Lewis, Simon | Lu, Huicui | Lukina, Natalia | Maitner, Brian | Malhi, Yadvinder | Marcon, Eric | Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes | Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur | Marshall, Andrew | Martin, Emanuel | Kucher, Dmitry | Meave, Jorge | Melo-Cruz, Omar | Mendoza, Casimiro | Merow, Cory | Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo | Moreno, Vanessa | Mukul, Sharif | Mundhenk, Philip | Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe | Neill, David | Neldner, Victor | Nevenic, Radovan | Ngugi, Michael | Niklaus, Pascal | Oleksyn, Jacek | Ontikov, Petr | Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar | Pan, Yude | Paquette, Alain | Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander | Parfenova, Elena | Park, Minjee | Parren, Marc | Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy | Peri, Pablo | Pfautsch, Sebastian | Phillips, Oliver | Picard, Nicolas | Piedade, Maria Teresa T. F. | Piotto, Daniel | Pitman, Nigel | Polo, Irina | Poorter, Lourens | Poulsen, Axel | Poulsen, John | Pretzsch, Hans | Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez | Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda | Rodeghiero, Mirco | Rolim, Samir | Roopsind, Anand | Rovero, Francesco | Rutishauser, Ervan | Saikia, Purabi | Salas-Eljatib, Christian | Saner, Philippe | Schall, Peter | Schelhaas, Mart-Jan | Schepaschenko, Dmitry | Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael | Schmid, Bernhard | Schöngart, Jochen | Searle, Eric | Seben, Vladimír | Serra-Diaz, Josep | Sheil, Douglas | Shvidenko, Anatoly | Silva-Espejo, Javier | Silveira, Marcos | Singh, James | Sist, Plinio | Slik, Ferry | Sonké, Bonaventure | Souza, Alexandre | Miscicki, Stanislaw | Stereńczak, Krzysztof | Svenning, Jens-Christian | Svoboda, Miroslav | Swanepoel, Ben | Targhetta, Natalia | Tchebakova, Nadja | ter Steege, Hans | Thomas, Raquel | Tikhonova, Elena | Umunay, Peter | Usoltsev, Vladimir | Valencia, Renato | Valladares, Fernando | van der Plas, Fons | van Do, Tran | van Nuland, Michael | Vasquez, Rodolfo | Verbeeck, Hans | Viana, Helder | Vibrans, Alexander | Vieira, Simone | von Gadow, Klaus | Wang, Hua-Feng | Watson, James | Werner, Gijsbert | Westerlund, Bertil | Wiser, Susan | Wittmann, Florian | Woell, Hannsjoerg | Wortel, Verginia | Zagt, Roderik | Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz | Zhang, Chunyu | Zhao, Xiuhai | Zhou, Mo | Zhu, Zhi-Xin | Zo-Bi, Irie | Crowther, Thomas | Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich) | Carnegie Institution for Science | Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL | Purdue University [West Lafayette] | Universitat de Lleida | Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR) | University of Minnesota [Crookston] (UMC) ; University of Minnesota System (UMN) | Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP) ; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Occitanie])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM) | Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]) | AgroParisTech | We warmly thank all members of the Crowther lab team, including those not listed as coauthors, for their invaluable support. The collaboration and development of the manuscript were supported by the web-based science platform, science-i.org. We thank the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative (GFBI) for establishing the data standards and collaborative framework. This work was supported by grants to TWC from the Bernina Foundation and DOB Ecology, and CMZ from the Ambizione Fellowship program (#PZ00P3_193646). MB was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant (RYC2021-031797-I) from the Spanish Ministry of Sciences. The European forest inventory data was provided by the FunDivEUROPE project, which received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 265171. We thank the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, and Dr. Christian Temperli for providing Swiss National Forest Inventory (LFI) data for the periods 1983-85, 1993-95, 2004-06, and 2009-2017. This study was also supported by the TRY initiative that is maintained by the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany, and currently supported by DIVERSITAS/Future Earth and the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig. National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374). The ReVaTene dataset is funded by the Education and Research Ministry of Côte d’Ivoire, as part of the Debt Reduction-Development Contracts (C2Ds) managed by IRD. JCS considers this work a contribution to his VILLUM Investigator project “Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World”, funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant 16549), and Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), funded by the Danish National Research Foundation (grant DNRF173). AFS considers this work a contribution to his UFRN project PVA12722-2015, and is thankful to Solon J. Longhi for data sharing (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico 520053/1998-2). ALG considers this work a contribution to his IFFSC project (FAPESC, SDE, IMA, and CNPq grants). VS thanks for support to APVV 20-0168 from the Slovak Research and Development Agency. We are thankful to the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for supporting the Atlantic Forest plots through the BIOTA/FAPESP Program (Project Functional Gradient 2003/12595-7, 2010/20811-7 & ECOFOR 2012/51872-5), and the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq grant 403710/2012-0). FCT – Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, project UIDB/04033/2020 and ICNF-Instituto da Conservação da Natureza. RAINFOR plots here were supported by a major grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. We also thank NERC for long-term support of RAINFOR and ForestPlots.net (including NE/X014347/1, NE/N012542/1, NE/N012542/1, NE/X014347/1) and additional sources to O.L.P. including the ERC (Advanced Grant 291585, T-FORCES). P.R.B. and M.A.Z. acknowledge funding from the CLIMB-FOREST Horizon Europe Project (No 101059888) that was funded by the European Union.