An examination of the role of biochar and biochar water-extractable substances on the sorption of ionizable herbicides in rice paddy soils

10 páginas.- 6 figuras.- 3 tablas.- 72 referencias.- The Supplemental material section includes AZ and PE molecular structures (Fig. S1) and adsorption-desorption coefficients (Tables S1 and S2). Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135682

The application of biochar as a soil amendment can increase concentrations of soil organic matter, especially water-extractable organic substances. Due to their mobility and reactivity, more studies are needed to address the potential impact of biochar water-extractable substances (BWES) on the sorption of herbicides in agricultural soils that are periodically flooded. Two paddy soils (100 and 700 years of paddy soil development), unamended or amended with raw (BC) or washed biochar (BCW), were used to test the influence of BWES on the sorption behavior of the herbicides azimsulfuron (AZ) and penoxsulam (PE). The adsorption of AZ to biochar was much stronger than that to the soils, and it was adsorbed to a much larger extent to BC than to BCW. The depletion of polar groups in the BWES from the washed biochar reduced AZ adsorption but had no effect on PE adsorption. The adsorption of AZ increased when the younger soil (P100) was amended with BC and decreased when it was amended with BCW. In P700, which has lower dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content than P100, the adsorption of AZ increased regardless of whether biochar was raw or washed. The adsorption of PE slightly decreased when P100 was amended with BC or BCW and slightly increased when P700 was amended with BC or BCW. In order to evaluate compositional differences in the biochar and BWES before and after the washing treatment, we performed solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy of BC and BCW, and high resolution mass spectrometry of BWES. Our observations stress the importance of proper consideration of soil and biochar properties before their incorporation into paddy soils, since biochar may reduce or increase the mobility of AZ and PE depending on soil properties and time of application. © 2019

This research was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness ( AGL2016-77821-R and AGL2013-48446-C3-1-R ) and the Autonomous Government of Andalusia ( PAIDI AGR-264 ). The projects were co-financed with European funds (FEDER-FSE PO2007-13). M. García-Jaramillo thanks MEC / FECYT for a doctoral fellowship through AGL2010-21421-CO2-01 project of MICINN and for a mobility fellowship (EEBB-I-14-08137), that made possible this collaboration. This work was also in part supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service ( 2072-1410-004 ).

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