Genuine Carotenoid Profiles in Sweet Orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Navel] Peel and Pulp at Different Maturity Stages
2019
Lux, Peter E. | Carle, Reinhold | Zacarías, Lorenzo | Rodrigo, María Jesús | Schweiggert, Ralf M. | Steingass, Christof B. | Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España) | European Commission | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
The carotenogenesis in the endocarp and flavedo of Navel oranges over four consecutive maturity stages was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–multistage mass spectrometry. After optimization of the extraction method, 77 carotenoids, including 26 monoesters and 33 diesters of violaxanthin, β-citraurin, and antheraxanthin, were characterized. Whereas chloroplast-specific pigments, such as (all-E)-lutein and (all-E)-β-carotene, predominated in the flavedo of green-ripe fruit, a highly complex pattern of xanthophyll esters was found in the mature oranges. Total carotenoid contents of flavedo were approximately 9-fold higher [12 605 μg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)] than those in the endocarp (1354 μg/100 g of FW) at the fully mature stage. The mature endocarp abundantly contained violaxanthin mono- and diesters, in addition to diverse antheraxanthin esters, which were exclusively detected in this fruit fraction. Likewise, β-citraurin esters were found to be unique flavedo constituents of mature fruit. Therefore, they may support the detection of fraudulent use of peel fractions during orange juice production.
Show more [+] Less [-]This work was partially supported by Research Grant RTI2018-095131-B-I00 (Ministerio Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain). Marı́a-Jesús Rodrigo and Lorenzo Zacarı́as are members of Eurocaroten (COST_Action CA15136) and CaRed (Spanish Carotenoid Network BIO2017-90877-REDT, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain).
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