Malaria Transmitting Anophiline Mosquito Larva in Fishponds of Mongu District, Western Province of Zambia

Mongu District, situated in the malaria-endemic Western Province of Zambia, has witnessed a significant increase in fish farming activities in recent years. These practices have brought substantial economic and nutritional benefits to the local population, offering an alternative source of income and food security. However, poorly managed fishponds have emerged as potential breeding grounds for Anopheles mosquitoes, the primary vectors responsible for malaria transmission. This poses a dual challenge of promoting sustainable aquaculture while mitigating associated public health risks. This study aimed to investigate whether mosquito larvae found in fishponds within Mongu District belonged to malaria-transmitting Anopheline species. A total of 26 fishponds were surveyed across the district, with larvae samples collected, preserved, and subjected to detailed morphological identification at the Macha Research Trust. The findings revealed the presence of Anopheline mosquito larvae, which have the potential to mature into adult vectors of malaria. Crucially, unlined fishponds were identified as hotspots for mosquito breeding, whereas lined ponds were completely devoid of larvae. These observations underscore the role of proper fishpond design and management in reducing mosquito proliferation. The study further highlights the effectiveness of lined ponds, which not only enhance water retention and fish productivity but also serve as a barrier against mosquito breeding. Additionally, the introduction of larvivorous fish species—fish that feed on mosquito larvae—was identified as a sustainable biological control measure to reduce malaria transmission risks associated with aquaculture. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated strategies that balance the economic benefits of fish farming with the imperative of malaria control. Recommendations include promoting the adoption of lined fishponds, training local farmers in best aquaculture practices, and encouraging the use of biological mosquito control methods such as larvivorous fish. Policymakers, public health officials, and aquaculture stakeholders must collaborate to ensure that fish farming contributes positively to livelihoods without exacerbating public health challenges. This study serves as a critical reminder that the intersection of aquaculture and public health requires a coordinated approach to ensure sustainable development in malaria-endemic regions like Mongu District.