Tumpang sari (Taungya) system in Indonesia: a bio-ecological review
1990
Sukandi, T. (Departemen Kehutanan (Indonesia). Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan)
Development of tumpangsari system in Indonesia has increased the growth of main species of forest trees and the yield of food crop species. The growth improvement of forest trees, however, has caused the period of tumpangsari to become shorter since the canopies of trees will close each other more rapidly. The damage to forest trees therefore may increase since forest farmers need more space and a longer period to cultivate their crops. Improvement of tumpangsari, such as the application of wider spacing of forest trees, has been done to overcome such problems. A bio-ecological approach to improve tumpangsari systems can be based on the possible type of species interaction to be applied, adaptive ability of the species, and a possibility to improve site conditions. Competitive interaction may be avoided by altering the relationship between plants in the spatial and temporal dimension, whereas the selection of species that can tolerate some environmental stresses will make it grow well with little treatments. Site conditions can be improved through recycling resource pools, or through the application of some inputs. The approach may also be related to other agroforestry models similar to the tumpangsari.
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