Breeding behavior of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis Raffles) in captivity with analysis of their reproductive performance
1995
Bisquera, E.M. Jr.
Results showed that both captive-feral and captive-bred macaques exhibited the elements of socio-sexual and parental care behavior in a harem polygyny group. Male macaques involved directly and indirectly in the care of the unweaned offspring. The feral alpha male macaque assumed vigilance and aggressive postures when the group provoked. Likewise, the low-ranking beta male macaque do the same; however, approached by the alpha male macaque, the latter withdrew into the periphery. On the other hand, bred alpha male initially showed more cordiality and meek facial expression. The 5-year live-birth production rate of captive-feral macaque breeders in one and two-unit breeding cages combined was 55.07 plus or minus 11.92 percent with mortality of no more than 20 individuals. While, live-birth production rate of captive-bred macaque breeders in one-unit breeding cage combined was 21.43 plus or minus 11.10 with mortality of no more than 15 individuals. Maternal rejection and infanticide were the main causes of such mortality. The average number of breeding female feral macaques in one and two-units breeding cages were 32 and 41, respectively. Whereas, an average of 12 breeding female captive bred macaques in one-unit breeding cage. The secondary sex-ratio showed higher proportion of male-born (1991-1992), but later a preponderance to female-born (1993-1995). A bimodal birth distribution with peak births occurred in March and September was noted for captive-feral macaque breeders. Whereas, a single-birth period for captive bred macaque breeders with March or April as its peak births. The gestation period being 5 to 5.6 months, its sexual activities and most conceptions occurred in September and November for both groups. Implications of findings to captive wildlife breeding management were discussed
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