Characteristics of R&D process

Introduction of Science-based technology, through conscious application of R&D to the solution of problems in national development, is the key element today in this era of scientific advancement. Characteristics of R&D process with special reference to the situation in Pakistan are discussed in this paper. It is now generally recognized that science and technology have to be specially catered for and nurtured before they take roots and bloom in any society. Some of the essential pre-requisites for the development of S&T have been identified These include among others: (i) An inner urge to create; (ii) An environment conducive to creativity; (iii) Provision of adequate facilities for experimentation, study, dissemination; (iv) Effective exchange of ideas and collaboration with scientists and institutions in other countries The paper discusses the desirable qualities for conduct of R&D at the individual and society level. At the individual level the qualities mentioned are: (i) Willingness to experiment together with accuracy and verifiability of observations; (ii) Attempting rational interpretation and taking it to its logical conclusions; (iii) Persistence in developing the results and willingness to collaborate; (iv) Patience to commercialize the results of research, leading to a product or process. At the society level, desirable characteristics are: (i) Readiness to accept new ideas; (ii) Proper utilization of R&D and providing support for it; (iii) Speedy dissemination of new ideas and awareness of their impact. As against these desirable characteristics, the usual attitudes of Pakistan research workers and the society are mentioned, which include, at the individual level: Projection of preconceived notions; generalizing without verification; subjective approach; secretiveness; leaving things half done. At the society level, Pakistani society has the following attitudes: Authoritarian approach, unquestioning acceptance of authority, unwillingness to take risks, rejecting new ideas and non- conventional approaches. The paper also includes problems of management of R&D and the planning process. Recommendations have been made for the improvement of S&T system.