Механизмы устойчивости сельскохозяйственных и дикорастущих растений к стрессовым факторам среды
2009
Kirienko, N.N. | Pervyshina, G.G. | Konysheva, E.N. | Terleeva, P.S.
Phytotesting of urban environment pollution by heavy metals (HM) is done. Taraxacum officinale (TO), Plantago major (PM) and Arctium lappa are used as indicators. Plant status is compared being under a metallurgical enterprise influence and at an ecologically clean area. Chlorophyll a and carotenoid content in leaves has increased under HM pollution. A ratio between chlorophylls a and b has lowered in 1.2-1.3 times. Using seed germination power of TO and PM is proved for indication of soil pollution by HM. TO and PM are able to accumulate Cd, Cu and Zn from soil and AL is able to do Cu. HM migration from soil to plants is also studied using a number of wild drug plants as examples. Some species which are able to accumulate selectively certain pollutants (for example, Matricaria accumulates Cu, Sanguisorba accumulates Zn and Ni and so son). Mechanisms are determined for HM migration from drug raw materials into products containing biologically active substances. Pb and Cd migrate actively into syrups (17.1-35.6% and 24.3-46.3% respectively) and Fe and Cr do weakly. Pb migrates actively into balsams on the base of fir essential oil (35.6-88.3%). Mechanisms of resistance to saline and acid soils are studied using spring barley as an example. An effective method is developed to obtain barley regenerates on selective (acid and saline) mediums. Linear sizes of seedlings can be used as a selection criterion. The most of regenerate lines have exceeded their parent forms by an yield structure and field productivity on acid soils with low content of nutrients. Crop performance has depended on a plant quantity close to harvesting, their ability to tiller and on a spike grain content at extreme conditions. The data obtained prove that plant resistance to different stress factors is caused by the same mechanisms.
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