Behaviors of the Asiatic Apple Leaf-miner, Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats. and its dominant parasitic wasps | 金纹细蛾及其优势寄生蜂主要行为的研究

Chinese. 探讨金纹细蛾及其优势种寄生蜂的主要行为。通过饲养、解剖及持续摄像记录等方法，研究了金纹细蛾及其优势种寄生蜂的取食、化蛹、羽化和交配等行为。金纹细蛾初孵幼虫入叶后先钻长（从起点至末点）0.5 cm的“S”型蛀道再扩展潜食；老熟幼虫化蛹初期虫体僵直，间或侧翻、尾部上下摆动，随之以“3圈/s旋转1 min，间歇20 s”的周期性运动约5 h成蛹；羽化高峰在09:00左右，羽化初期，以“破壳器”破虫疤下皮，摇摆渐出至腰腹处稍停，蛹裂，成虫出，历时1~3 min，初羽化成虫静伏叶背，翅呈蓬松状，18~60 s后双翅紧贴竖起，渐长，6~20 min后复位；成虫交配高峰在08:30，交配过程行为复杂，呈“一”字型静伏2~3 h；雄虫一生交配2次，每天仅1次；雌虫一生交配1次。3种寄生蜂的寄生部位、寄生方式、寄生数量与类型、离脱寄主时间均不一致；绒茧蜂内寄外食，钻出前寄主剧烈翻滚4~5次/s，持续7 min后处于静止状态，幼虫从寄主腹部1~4节处钻出并回头呈“C”状取食，7~10 h内食完寄主后老熟结茧化蛹，羽化高峰在08:00，羽化需时15~20 min，1 h后正常飞行，成虫具明显趋光性；姬小蜂为兼性重寄生蜂，以重寄生金纹细蛾绒茧蜂为主，重寄生率93.09%，与绒茧蜂构成另一层天敌“跟随现象”，其羽化分短时型和长时型，行为分为破茧、出蜂和飞离3个阶段，成虫有较强趋光性；跳小蜂为内寄生，在寄主幼虫5龄期可见，致寄主体如“麻花”，17~19 d羽化，且单寄主中多个跳小蜂不同时羽化，羽化结束时，寄主躯体带多个小孔，但仍完整。金纹细蛾及其优势种寄生蜂各自的行为呈现很强的规律性、多样性和相关性。

English. The study was conducted to understand the main behavior relationship between the Asiatic Apple Leaf-miner, Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats. and its dominant parasitic wasps. Their behaviors like feeding, pupation, emergence, mating, etc were studied through breeding, anatomy and continual videoing. The results showed that newly-hatched Lithocolletis ringoniella drills S-shaped bore longer than 0.5 cm（from the point of origin to the end-point）and then broadens it through feeding; Mature larva at the initial stage of pupation becomes rigor with body and occasionally keeps side-turning or swings up and down with the tail. Then it makes cyclical spinning at 3 rounds per second for 1 minute with an interval at 20 s, which lasts about 5 h to arrive at pupation. Emergenced maxima come about nine o’clock in the morning. At the beginning of emergency, the moth reposes on the back of leaf with loose wings that after 18C60 seconds go vertical and tightly connected, and returns to original position in 6C20 min. Adult mating peak appears at 08:30.Mating behavior is a complex process: after reposing in “一” shape for 2C3 h, mating begins. Males mate two times in a life, once a day while females only one time. Parasitic host larva of three kinds of parasitic wasps are different in parasitic positions, modes, quantity and frequencies and the time leaving hosts. Apanteles theivorae parasites inside and feeds outside. Before larvae drills, the host fiercely rolls 4C5 times/s and keeps static for 7 min. Then larvae drills and comes out from 1stC4th sections of the host abdomen and keeps feeding on food, with the body “C”shaped. Feeding-finishes within 7C10 h, and reaches mature larvae, followed by pupating and spinning the cocoon. Emergenced maxima come at eight o’clock in the morning. Emergence takes 15C20 min and flying happens after 1 h. The type of Sympiesis soriceicornis belongs to facultative hyperparasitism, parasitizing Apanteles theivorae with a majority. The rate of its hyperparasitism is 93.09%, constituting another level of natural enemy follwers with Apanteles theivorae. Its emergence is divided into short-term and long-term types. The behaviors are divided into three phases: decocooning, drilling and flying away. Ageniaspis testacesipes belongs to internal parasite, visible at the age 5, making host looking like twisted dough. Emergence of Ageniaspis testacesipes occurs after 17C19 d but not at the same time in each individual host. The main behaviors between the Asiatic Apple Leaf-miner, Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats. and its dominant parasitic wasps have respective regularities, diversities and correlations. Because no differentiation on the female and male of Apanteles theivorae was made, research is not very thorough to its part of behavior; the research on Ageniaspis testacesipes is not very comprehensive either. All of these need further exploration.