New trends on bioaccumulation of persistent and emergent organic pollutants: beyond a simple number
2011
Sanz-Landaluze, J., Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid (Spain). Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry | El-Amrani, S., Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid (Spain). Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry | Cámara, C., Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid (Spain). Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry
The hazard of a chemical compound is a concept on evolution. From the beginning of the toxicity studies until recent advances in the environmental field, concepts and definitions to clearly determine the hazard of a chemical compound has been updated. From terms as acute or chronic toxicity to more recent of carcinogenesis or endocrine disruption, also legislation has been modified as scientific knowledge has advanced. Thus, European legislation on chemical production and commerce (REACH) has added new concepts to evaluation of hazard of a compound, mainly in the environmental field and besides classical parameters on toxicity, the persistence on environment and the bioaccumulation of a compound takes part of the evaluation of the hazard of a compound. Bioaccumulation is defined as the accumulation of chemicals in the tissue of organisms through any route, including respiration, ingestion, or direct contact. Experimentally, the OCDE 305 guideline is the most used one to determine bioconcentration and is the one suggested by REACH to be used. This guide established several experimental features that should be fulfilled, establishing that at leas one hundred and ten adult fishes are necessary besides a huge analytical work, estimating a cost of about 100,000 Euros for each bioconcentration test of each compound. Thus, it is clear that any alternatives to this expensive experiments or any reduction in animal suffering should be welcomed. Here we will present an alternative test using zebrafish larvae to carry out these bioconcentration experiments. Results on bioconcentration factors will be compared with those values published using adult fishes. Finally other advances and actual lines of research in measuring toxicity and bioaccumulation of chemical compounds, such as interaction among contaminants, accumulation in target organs by optical techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD..., and toxicogenomics, looking for differences in gene and protein expression are presented.
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