Uso de la diversidad forrajera tropical en combinaciones pareadas de leñosas forrajeras como indicador de preferencia para su inclusión en el diseño de sistemas silvopastoriles en zonas secas

Spanish; Castilian. Los efectos del cambio climático frente a la disponibilidad de alimento bovino en zonas secas es una gran limitante, como innovación se seleccionaron diez forrajes leñosos en la zona seca de Rivas (Nicaragua); dentro de las cuales existen diferencias funcionales (nutricionales, físicas y fenológicas) que muestran la variabilidad entre las leñosas tales como leguminosas sin espinas (Albizia niopoides, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Samanea saman); leguminosas con espinas (Acacia farnesiana, Mimosa pigra) y leñosas no leguminosas (Moringa oleifera, Brosimum alicastrum, Cordia dentata y Guazuma ulmifolia). Estas representan parte de la diversidad forrajera tropical de zonas secas con alta posibilidad de integrarlas en el diseño de sistemas silvopastoriles como estrategias de alimentación bovina. Son pocos los estudios desarrollados en donde se combinan especies forrajeras para determinar la preferencia de los bovinos en pruebas controladas de cafetería, la primera, como una prueba corta se usó la metodología de pruebas de cafetería con leñosas pareadas, en donde se integra el tiempo efectivo de consumo como factor de medición. Para esto se utilizó forraje de ramas delgadas

English. The effects of climate change on bovine feed availability in dry areas is a major constraint; as an innovation ten woody forages were selected in the dry zone of Rivas (Nicaragua), within which there are functional differences (nutritional, physical and phenological), that show the variability among the woody ones, such as leguminous without thorns (Albizia niopoides, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Samanea saman) leguminous with thorns (Acacia farnesiana, Mimosa pigra) and the woody ones no leguminous (Moringa oleifera, Brosimum alicastrum, Cordia dentata y Guazuma ulmifolia) that represent part of the tropical forage diversity, in dry zones with high possibility of integrate the woody ones with better forage characteristics in the design of silvopastoral systems to strategies of bovine feeding. There are not many studies developed, where foraged species are combined to determine the preference of the bovine in control tests of the coffee field, and the first one to be a short test where effective consumption time as a measure factor is integrated. Forage trees of thin branches < 1.0 cm was used for this testing, taking different selected individuals of each woody species. Likewise, 5 cows in production with similar characteristics were used, which before and after the testing remained with food and water available. The forage was arranged trays in pairs of woody species, according to the order of randomization; 225 combinations were executed; 45 combinations per cow (random); 25 daily combinations (random order); 3 minutes per each event; (75 minutes test/day); and a total test time of 11.25 hours, a number of species 10 during 9 days. Each of the forage specie was assessed, number of bits/woody species consumption time. The consumption was obtained for difference each of fodder specie offered and declined. These results reflect a bigger preference in the consumption of forage, influenced by the combination of species that present differences in their physical features, nutritional and phenological contrasts that favor a bigger grade of preference when comparing the woody ones offered individually. The ideas above can be explained by reasons that are associated to the integration of nutritional effects of the combination as synergic effects in the digest system, of the elements of the combination of woody or with an increasing in the palatability and consumption of species. Keywords: coffee methodology, dry matter, effective time consumption, functional trait.