[Environmental Adaptation of Some Primitive and Cultivated Wheat Genetic Resources Under Rainfed Conditions]

Environmental adaptation was studied for 15 local and entries genotypes of primitive wheat, which 3 genotypes classified as Triticum polonicum, 4 genotypes classified as Triticum carthlicum and 8 genotypes classified as Triticum dicoccum in addition to three local varieties of durum wheat as controls: Sham3, Sham5, Acsad1105 were taken all from the Gene-Bank of the General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Researches GCSAR and the Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands ACSAD, where all of them were planted during two seasons 2009-2010, 2010-2011under Rainfed Conditions at Izra' Station which belongs to the General Commission of Scientific Agricultural Researches GCSAR in Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with three replications, each replication contains 18 plots, Seeds were planted manually in lines, each line extend for one meter and contains 20 seeds on planting depth of 3-5 cm, all plots have six lines, distance is 25 cm between lines and 5 cm between plants. All traits were studied from plants in four internal lines. The aim of this research concentrated on evaluate and characterize the studied genotypes of primitive wheat under Rainfed conditions and to define the differences in the (Morphological, phonological, Physiological, quantity & quality) traits between the studied genotypes, and to determine the best to exploit in plant breeding programs, in addition to study correlation between studied traits. Results showed that the reduction of rain amount and earliness discontinuance caused significantly earliness in heading and maturing and significantly reduction in most morphological and physiological traits, but in contrast it caused significantly increasing in most traits connected to the quality such as dry matter percentage in grain, protein and gluten percentage and sedimentation tests, which is suitable for food industry in the making of Noodles and Bread. Statistical analysis Resulted that genotypes (Emmer7, Bolony2, Farsy1) were all significantly superior in earliness of heading comparing to control Sham3, Emmer7 was also significantly superior in earliness of maturity comparing to both controls Sham3 & Acsad1105. It was remarkable that both genotypes Faresy1, Emmer8 were significantly superior in water use efficiency and Plant growth rate comparing to the check Sham5, whereas the genotype Bolony3 was significantly superior in Plant growth rate comparing to the all controls Sham3, Sham5, Acsad1105 with an increase rate(49.83-57.25, 52.22)%respectively, while the genotype Faresy1 was significantly superior comparing to both controls Sham5, Acsad1105, as well as the genotype Emmer8 was significantly superior comparing to check Acsad1105 in the Net assimilation rate. Concerning yield related traits The following genotypes (Boloni1, Emmer1, Emmer2 Emmer3, Faresy3) were significantly superior in number of fertile tillers comparing to all controls, as well as the genotypes (Faresy2, Faresy4, Emmer7) were significantly superior in the same trait comparing to both controls Sham3 &Acsad1105, and also the genotype Emmer8 was significantly superior in the same trait comparing to control Acsad1105. Results showed that genotypes (Boloni1, Boloni3, Emmer7, Faresy2, Faresy3, Faresy4) were significantly superior in main spike Peduncle length comparing to the control Sham3, while the genotype Emmer8 was significantly superior in the same trait comparing to both controls Acsad1105 and Sham3. Faresy1 was significantly superior in grain number per main spike comparing to both controls Sham5 & Acsad1105, as well as significantly superior in grain number per sub spike comparing to both controls Acsad1105 and Sham3, while the genotype Boloni3 was significantly superior in Thousand grain weight comparing to both controls Sham3 & sham5, and the genotypes (Boloni2, Emmer8) were both significantly superior in the same trait comparing to control Sham5. All genotypes except (Faresy1) were significantly superior in Protein percentage in grains with an increase rate (12.94-49.75)% comparing to first check Sham3, and with an increase rate (8.57-43.95)% comparing to second check Sham5, and all except (Emmer3, Faresy1, Emmer8) were significant superior in Protein percentage comparing to the third control Acsad1105. The genotype Boloni2 was significantly better than all controls in dry matter percentage in grain. Concerning the starch percentage in grain. the genotypes (Emmer1, Emmer3, Emmer4, Emmer6, Faresy3, Faresy4) were the best significantly comparing to all controls, all genotypes were significantly superior in wet gluten percentage comparing to the control Sham3, Sham5 except the genotype Faresy1while genotype Emmer5 was significantly superior in wet gluten percentage comparing to Acsad1105. The genotypes (Emmer5, Farsy4, Farsy2, Farsy3, Emmer1, Bolony3, Bolony1, Emmer6, Emmer4, Emmer3, Bolony2) were all significantly superior in sedimentation value comparing to the three controls, while the genotypes (Emmer8, Farsy1, Emmer7, Emmer2) were significantly superior in the same trait comparing to both controls Sham3 and Sham5. Correlation studies concluded that venation index and dry stem weight were both positively correlated with yield grain traits, yield related traits were mostly correlated positively with starch percentage in grains, and both of protein and wet gluten percentage in grain were separately correlated negatively with starch percentage in grains.