A Short Review on Neonicotinoids; Use in Crop Protection and Issues on Honeybee and Hive Products
2017
Sampat Ghosh, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea | Jung, C., Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
Neonicotinoids are a relatively new class of insecticides. Due to higher field efficacy, flexible application procedure and claim of low vertebrate toxicity neonicotinoid became a promising insecticide candidate, surpassed 2.6 billion USD in 2009 global scale and in the consecutive years had highest market share among all insecticides. But also, growing volume of evidence suggested that neonicotinoids affect honeybee adversely primarily via impairments on learning and memory, and ultimately foraging success leading to colony collapse. In order to protect honeybee and bee diversity, European Union, Korea banned the use of some neonicotinoids, such as clothianidin, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid. Undoubtedly the restriction of the use of these neonicotinoids on nectar and pollen-rich crops could be expected to reduce a potential threat to bees and at the same time, the policy allowed time for investigation in a field-realistic manner. In this present review, we focus on the concerns of neonicotinoids related to honeybee and hive contamination.
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